Showing papers by "Nanjing University published in 2013"
Kyle S. Dawson1, David J. Schlegel2, Christopher P. Ahn1, Scott F. Anderson3 +181 more•Institutions (51)
TL;DR: The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) as discussed by the authors was designed to measure the scale of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter over a larger volume than the combined efforts of all previous spectroscopic surveys of large-scale structure.
Abstract: The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) is designed to measure the scale of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter over a larger volume than the combined efforts of all previous spectroscopic surveys of large-scale structure. BOSS uses 1.5 million luminous galaxies as faint as i = 19.9 over 10,000 deg2 to measure BAO to redshifts z < 0.7. Observations of neutral hydrogen in the Lyα forest in more than 150,000 quasar spectra (g < 22) will constrain BAO over the redshift range 2.15 < z < 3.5. Early results from BOSS include the first detection of the large-scale three-dimensional clustering of the Lyα forest and a strong detection from the Data Release 9 data set of the BAO in the clustering of massive galaxies at an effective redshift z = 0.57. We project that BOSS will yield measurements of the angular diameter distance dA to an accuracy of 1.0% at redshifts z = 0.3 and z = 0.57 and measurements of H(z) to 1.8% and 1.7% at the same redshifts. Forecasts for Lyα forest constraints predict a measurement of an overall dilation factor that scales the highly degenerate DA (z) and H –1(z) parameters to an accuracy of 1.9% at z ~ 2.5 when the survey is complete. Here, we provide an overview of the selection of spectroscopic targets, planning of observations, and analysis of data and data quality of BOSS.
1,938 citations
TL;DR: Simulation results have shown that the proposed event-triggering scheme is superior to some existing event- triggering schemes in the literature.
Abstract: This note is concerned with event-triggered H∞ controller design for networked control systems. A novel event-triggering scheme is proposed, which has some advantages over some existing schemes. A delay system model for the analysis is firstly constructed by investigating the effect of the network transmission delay. Then, based on this model, criteria for stability with an H∞ norm bound and criteria for co-designing both the feedback gain and the trigger parameters are derived. These criteria are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Simulation results have shown that the proposed event-triggering scheme is superior to some existing event-triggering schemes in the literature.
1,326 citations
TL;DR: In this review, the state-of-the-art knowledge of GQDs is presented, with emphasis on the top-down routes which possess the advantages of abundant raw materials, large scale production and simple operation.
Abstract: To obtain graphene-based fluorescent materials, one of the effective approaches is to convert one-dimensional (1D) graphene to 0D graphene quantum dots (GQDs), yielding an emerging nanolight with extraordinary properties due to their remarkable quantum confinement and edge effects. In this review, the state-of-the-art knowledge of GQDs is presented. The synthetic methods were summarized, with emphasis on the top-down routes which possess the advantages of abundant raw materials, large scale production and simple operation. Optical properties of GQDs are also systematically discussed ranging from the mechanism, the influencing factors to the optical tunability. The current applications are also reviewed, followed by an outlook on their future and potential development, involving the effective synthetic methods, systematic photoluminescent mechanism, bandgap engineering, in addition to the potential applications in bioimaging, sensors, etc.
1,258 citations
TL;DR: The demonstrated unidirectional phenomenon at the corresponding parity-time exceptional point on-a-chip confirms the feasibility of creating complicated on-chip parity- time metamaterials and optical devices based on their properties.
Abstract: Invisibility by metamaterials is of great interest, where
optical properties are manipulated in the real permittivity–
permeability plane. However, the most effective approach
to achieving invisibility in various military applications is
to absorb the electromagnetic waves emitted from radar to
minimize the corresponding reflection and scattering, such that
no signal gets bounced back. Here, we show the experimental
realization of chip-scale unidirectional reflectionless optical
metamaterials near the spontaneous parity-time symmetry
phase transition point where reflection from one side is
significantly suppressed. This is enabled by engineering the
corresponding optical properties of the designed paritytime
metamaterial in the complex dielectric permittivity
plane. Numerical simulations and experimental verification
consistently exhibit asymmetric reflection with high contrast
ratios around a wavelength of of 1,550 nm. The demonstrated
unidirectional phenomenon at the corresponding parity-time
exceptional point on-a-chip confirms the feasibility of creating
complicated on-chip parity-time metamaterials and optical
devices based on their properties.
1,253 citations
TL;DR: Infiltration of a conducting polymer hydrogel into Si-based anodes results in a well-connected three-dimensional network structure consisting of Si nanoparticles conformally coated by the conducting polymer, demonstrating a cycle life of 5,000 cycles with over 90% capacity retention at current density.
Abstract: Silicon has a high-specific capacity as an anode material for Li-ion batteries, and much research has been focused on overcoming the poor cycling stability issue associated with its large volume changes during charging and discharging processes, mostly through nanostructured material design. Here we report incorporation of a conducting polymer hydrogel into Si-based anodes: the hydrogel is polymerized in-situ, resulting in a well-connected three-dimensional network structure consisting of Si nanoparticles conformally coated by the conducting polymer. Such a hierarchical hydrogel framework combines multiple advantageous features, including a continuous electrically conductive polyaniline network, binding with the Si surface through either the crosslinker hydrogen bonding with phytic acid or electrostatic interaction with the positively charged polymer, and porous space for volume expansion of Si particles. With this anode, we demonstrate a cycle life of 5,000 cycles with over 90% capacity retention at current density of 6.0 A g(-1).
1,181 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of organic electrode materials, including their fundamental knowledge, development history and perspective applications, is provided. And the authors elaborate in detail various organics with different structures, including conducting polymers, organodisulfides, thioethers, nitroxyl radical polymers and conjugated carbonyl compounds.
Abstract: As an alternative to conventional inorganic intercalation electrode materials, organic electrode materials are promising candidates for the next generation of sustainable and versatile energy storage devices. In this paper we provide an overview of organic electrode materials, including their fundamental knowledge, development history and perspective applications. Based on different organics including n-type, p-type and bipolar, we firstly analyzed their working principles, reaction mechanisms, electrochemical performances, advantages and challenges. To understand the development history and trends in organic electrode materials, we elaborate in detail various organics with different structures, including conducting polymers, organodisulfides, thioethers, nitroxyl radical polymers and conjugated carbonyl compounds. The high electrochemical performance, in addition with the unique features of organics such as flexibility, processability and structure diversity, provide them great perspective in various energy storage devices, including rechargeable Li/Na batteries, supercapacitors, thin film batteries, aqueous rechargeable batteries, redox flow batteries and even all-organic batteries. It is expected that organic electrode materials will show their talents in the “post Li-ion battery” era, towards cheap, green, sustainable and versatile energy storage devices.
1,156 citations
TL;DR: The rapidly advancing field of lncRNAs is reviewed and the relationship between the dysregulation of l NCRNAs and human diseases is described, highlighting the specific roles of lNCRNAs in human diseases.
1,014 citations
953 citations
TL;DR: This study provides direct evidence that sulphur vacancies exist in molybdenum disulphide, and introduces localized donor states inside the bandgap, suggesting that the low-carrier-density transport is dominated by hopping via these localized gap states.
Abstract: Molybdenum disulphide is a novel two-dimensional semiconductor with potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the nature of charge transport in back-gated devices still remains elusive as they show much lower mobility than theoretical calculations and native n-type doping. Here we report a study of transport in few-layer molybdenum disulphide, together with transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory. We provide direct evidence that sulphur vacancies exist in molybdenum disulphide, introducing localized donor states inside the bandgap. Under low carrier densities, the transport exhibits nearest-neighbour hopping at high temperatures and variable-range hopping at low temperatures, which can be well explained under Mott formalism. We suggest that the low-carrier-density transport is dominated by hopping via these localized gap states. Our study reveals the important role of short-range surface defects in tailoring the properties and device applications of molybdenum disulphide.
948 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review focusing on recent developments of some promising photoelectrode materials, such as BiVO4, a-Fe2O3, TaON, and Ta3N5 for solar hydrogen production is presented.
Abstract: Harnessing solar energy for the production of clean hydrogen fuels by a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell represents a very attractive but challenging alternative This review focuses on recent developments of some promising photoelectrode materials, such as BiVO4, a-Fe2O3, TaON, and Ta3N5 for solar hydrogen production Some strategies have been developed to improve PEC performances of the photoelectrode materials, including: (i) doping for enhancing visible light absorption in the wide bandgap semiconductor or promoting charge transport in the narrow bandgap semiconductor, respectively; (ii) surface treatment for removing segregation phase or surface states; (iii) electrocatalysts for decreasing the overpotentials; (iv) morphology control for enhancing the light absorption and shortening transfer distance of minority carriers; (v) other methods, such as sensitization, passivating layer, and band structure engineering using heterojunction structures, and so on Photochemical durability of the photoelectrodes is also discussed, since any potential PEC technology must balance efficiency against cost and photochemical durability Photochemical durability may be amended by optimizing the photoelectrode, electrocatalyst, and electrolyte at the same time In addition, solar seawater splitting is briefly introduced because it has received attention recently Finally, trends in research in PEC cells for solar hydrogen production are detailed
923 citations
TL;DR: An approach--termed fluid-enhanced crystal engineering (FLUENCE)--that allows for a high degree of morphological control of solution-printed thin films and may find use in the fabrication of high-performance, large-area printed electronics.
Abstract: Solution coating of organic semiconductors offers great potential for achieving low-cost manufacturing of large-area and flexible electronics. However, the rapid coating speed needed for industrial-scale production poses challenges to the control of thin-film morphology. Here, we report an approach—termed fluid-enhanced crystal engineering (FLUENCE)—that allows for a high degree of morphological control of solution-printed thin films. We designed a micropillar-patterned printing blade to induce recirculation in the ink for enhancing crystal growth, and engineered the curvature of the ink meniscus to control crystal nucleation. Using FLUENCE, we demonstrate the fast coating and patterning of millimetre-wide, centimetre-long, highly aligned single-crystalline organic semiconductor thin films. In particular, we fabricated thin films of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene having non-equilibrium single-crystalline domains and an unprecedented average and maximum mobilities of 8.1±1.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 11 cm2 V−1 s−1. FLUENCE of organic semiconductors with non-equilibrium single-crystalline domains may find use in the fabrication of high-performance, large-area printed electronics. Solution printing of organic semiconductors could in principle be scaled to industrial needs, yet attaining aligned single-crystals directly with this method has been challenging. By using a micropillar-patterned printing blade designed to enhance the control of crystal nucleation and growth, thin films of macroscopic, highly aligned single crystals of organic semiconductors can now be fabricated.
University of Alberta1, Peking University2, Chinese Academy of Sciences3, Macquarie University4, Los Alamos National Laboratory5, Northwestern University6, McMaster University7, Radboud University Nijmegen8, Nanjing University9, Xinjiang University10, University of Warwick11, University of Oxford12, University of Cambridge13, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology14, Academia Sinica15, Max Planck Society16, University of Bonn17, University of Amsterdam18, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign19
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the current best physical understanding of common envelope evolution (CEE) and highlight areas of consensus and disagreement, and stress ideas which should point the way forward for progress in this important but long-standing and largely unconquered problem.
Abstract: This work aims to present our current best physical understanding of common-envelope evolution (CEE). We highlight areas of consensus and disagreement, and stress ideas which should point the way forward for progress in this important but long-standing and largely unconquered problem. Unusually for CEE-related work, we mostly try to avoid relying on results from population synthesis or observations, in order to avoid potentially being misled by previous misunderstandings. As far as possible we debate all the relevant issues starting from physics alone, all the way from the evolution of the binary system immediately before CEE begins to the processes which might occur just after the ejection of the envelope. In particular, we include extensive discussion about the energy sources and sinks operating in CEE, and hence examine the foundations of the standard energy formalism. Special attention is also given to comparing the results of hydrodynamic simulations from different groups and to discussing the potential effect of initial conditions on the differences in the outcomes. We compare current numerical techniques for the problem of CEE and also whether more appropriate tools could and should be produced (including new formulations of computational hydrodynamics, and attempts to include 3D processes within 1D codes). Finally we explore new ways to link CEE with observations. We compare previous simulations of CEE to the recent outburst from V1309 Sco, and discuss to what extent post-common-envelope binaries and nebulae can provide information, e.g. from binary eccentricities, which is not currently being fully exploited.
TL;DR: Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the bonded case cannot, while the separated one can, turn the inert CNTs into ORR electrocatalysts, demonstrating the crucial role of the doping microstructure on ORR performance.
Abstract: Two kinds of boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dominated by bonded or separated B and N are intentionally prepared, which present distinct oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performances. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that the bonded case cannot, while the separated one can, turn the inert CNTs into ORR electrocatalysts. This progress demonstrates the crucial role of the doping microstructure on ORR performance, which is of significance in exploring the advanced C-based metal-free electrocatalysts.
TL;DR: In this article, a one-step approach was developed for the large-scale synthesis of sulfur and nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots (S-N-C-dots) by using sulfuric acid carbonization and etching of hair fiber.
TL;DR: In this article, the process e(+)e(-) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi at a center-of-mass energy of 4.260 GeV using a 525 pb(-1) data sample collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider was studied.
Abstract: We study the process e(+)e(-) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi at a center-of-mass energy of 4.260 GeV using a 525 pb(-1) data sample collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The Born cross section is measured to be (62.9 +/- 1.9 +/- 3.7) pb, consistent with the production of the Y(4260). We observe a structure at around 3.9 GeV/c(2) in the pi(+/-) J/psi mass spectrum, which we refer to as the Z(c)(3900). If interpreted as a new particle, it is unusual in that it carries an electric charge and couples to charmonium. A fit to the pi(+/-) J/psi invariant mass spectrum, neglecting interference, results in a mass of (3899.0 +/- 3.6 +/- 4.9) MeV/c(2) and a width of (46 +/- 10 +/- 20) MeV. Its production ratio is measured to be R = (sigma(e(+)e(-) -> pi(+/-) Z(c)(3900)(-/+) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi)/sigma(e(+)e(-) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi)) = (21.5 +/- 3.3 +/- 7.5)%. In all measurements the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic.
TL;DR: The design principles and coordination chemistry of metal probes based on mechanisms of PeT, PCT, ESIPT, FRET, and excimer formation will be discussed in detail, with particular attention given to rationales for the design of turn-on and ratiometric probes.
Abstract: Coordination chemistry plays an essential role in the design of photoluminescent probes for metal ions. Metal coordination to organic dyes induces distinct optical responses which signal the presence of metal species of interest. Luminescent lanthanide (Ln(3+)) and transition metal complexes of d(6), d(8) and d(10) configurations often exhibit unique luminescence properties different from organic dyes, such as high quantum yield, large Stokes shift, long emission wavelength and emission lifetimes, low sensitivity to microenvironments, and can be explored as lumophores to construct probes for metal ions, anions and neutral species. In this review, the design principles and coordination chemistry of metal probes based on mechanisms of PeT, PCT, ESIPT, FRET, and excimer formation will be discussed in detail. Particular attention will be given to rationales for the design of turn-on and ratiometric probes. Moreover, phosphorescent probe design based on Ln(3+) and d(6), d(8) and d(10)-metal complexes are also presented via discussing certain factors affecting the phosphorescence of these metal complexes. A survey of the latest progress in photoluminescent probes for identification of essential metal cations in the human body or toxic metal cations in the environment will be presented focusing on their design rationales and sensing behaviors. Metal complex-based photoluminescent probes for biorelated anions such as PPi, and neutral biomolecules ATP, NO, and H(2)S will be discussed also in the context of their metal coordination-related sensing behaviors and design approaches.
TL;DR: A highly sensitive glucose enzyme sensor based on Pt nanoparticles-polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel heterostructures exhibited unprecedented sensitivity, as high as 96.1 μA·mM(-1)·cm(-2), with a response time as fast as 3 s, a linear range of 0.01 to 8 mM, and a low detection limit of0.7 μM.
Abstract: Glucose enzyme biosensors have been shown useful for a range of applications from medical diagnosis, bioprocess monitoring, to beverage industry and environmental monitoring. We present here a highly sensitive glucose enzyme sensor based on Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs)-polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel heterostructures. High-density PtNPs were homogeneously loaded onto the three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured matrix of the PAni hydrogel. The PtNP/PAni hydrogel heterostructure-based glucose sensor synergizes the advantages of both the conducting hydrogel and the nanoparticle catalyst. The porous structure of the PAni hydrogel favored the high density immobilization of the enzyme and the penetration of water-soluble molecules, which helped efficiently catalyze the oxidation of glucose. In addition, the PtNPs catalyzed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide that was generated during the enzymatic reaction. The transferred charges from these electrochemical processes were efficiently collected by the highly conducting...
TL;DR: In this paper, the spin and parity quantum numbers of the Higgs boson were studied based on the collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, and the results showed that the standard model spin-parity J(...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors established a database of precipitation δ18O and used different models to evaluate the climatic controls of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), revealing three distinct domains associated with the influence of the westerlies (northern TP), Indian monsoon (southern TP), and transition in between.
Abstract: The stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) in precipitation is an integrated tracer of atmospheric processes worldwide. Since the 1990s, an intensive effort has been dedicated to studying precipitation isotopic composition at more than 20 stations in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) located at the convergence of air masses between the westerlies and Indian monsoon. In this paper, we establish a database of precipitation δ18O and use different models to evaluate the climatic controls of precipitation δ18O over the TP. The spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation δ18O and their relationships with temperature and precipitation reveal three distinct domains, respectively associated with the influence of the westerlies (northern TP), Indian monsoon (southern TP), and transition in between. Precipitation δ18O in the monsoon domain experiences an abrupt decrease in May and most depletion in August, attributable to the shifting moisture origin between Bay of Bengal (BOB) and southern Indian Ocean. High-resolution atmospheric models capture the spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation δ18O and their relationships with moisture transport from the westerlies and Indian monsoon. Only in the westerlies domain are atmospheric models able to represent the relationships between climate and precipitation δ18O. More significant temperature effect exists when either the westerlies or Indian monsoon is the sole dominant atmospheric process. The observed and simulated altitude-δ18O relationships strongly depend on the season and the domain (Indian monsoon or westerlies). Our results have crucial implications for the interpretation of paleoclimate records and for the application of atmospheric simulations to quantifying paleoclimate and paleo-elevation changes.
TL;DR: The present study adds hydroxylamine (HA), a common reducing agent, into Fe(II)/PMS process to accelerate the transformation from Fe(III) to Fe( II) and generates reactive oxidants capable of degrading refractory organic contaminants in water treatment.
Abstract: The reaction between ferrous iron (Fe(II)) with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) generates reactive oxidants capable of degrading refractory organic contaminants. However, the slow transformation from ferric iron (Fe(III)) back to Fe(II) limits its widespread application. Here, we added hydroxylamine (HA), a common reducing agent, into Fe(II)/PMS process to accelerate the transformation from Fe(III) to Fe(II). With benzoic acid (BA) as probe compound, the addition of HA into Fe(II)/PMS process accelerated the degradation of BA rapidly in the pH range of 2.0-6.0 by accelerating the key reactions, including the redox cycle of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and the generation of reactive oxidants. Both sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals were considered as the primary reactive oxidants for the degradation of BA in HA/Fe(II)/PMS process with the experiments of electron spin resonance and alcohols quenching. Moreover, HA was gradually degraded to N2, N2O, NO2 (−), and NO3 (−), while the environmentally friendly gas of N2 was considered as its major end product in the process. The present study might provide a promising idea based on Fe(II)/PMS process for the rapid degradation of refractory organic contaminants in water treatment.
TL;DR: The cellular uptake of these pH-responsive MTZ-loaded vesicle by cancer cells was observed by living cell imaging techniques, and their cytotoxicity assay indicated that unloaded vesicles had low toxicity to normal cells, which could dramatically reduce the toxicity of MTZ upon loading ofMTZ.
Abstract: The drug delivery system based on supramolecular vesicles that were self-assembled by a novel host–guest inclusion complex between a water-soluble pillar[6]arene (WP6) and hydrophobic ferrocene derivative in water has been developed. The inclusion complexation between WP6 and ferrocene derivative in water was studied by 1H NMR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, which showed a high binding constant of (1.27 ± 0.42) × 105 M–1 with 1:1 binding stoichiometry. This resulting inclusion complex could self-assemble into supramolecular vesicles that displayed a significant pH-responsive behavior in aqueous solution, which were investigated by fluorescent probe technique, dynamic laser scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the drug loading and in vitro drug release studies demonstrated that these supramolecular vesicles were able to encapsulate mitoxantrone (MTZ) to achieve MTZ-loaded vesicles, which particularly showed rapid MTZ release at low-pH environment. More importantly, the cel...
TL;DR: The strong NIR absorption and the capability of encapsulating photosensitizer Ce6 in GVs enable trimodality NIR fluorescence/thermal/photoacoustic imaging-guided synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) with improved efficacy.
Abstract: A multifunctional theranostic platform based on photosensitizer-loaded plasmonic vesicular assemblies of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is developed for effective cancer imaging and treatment. The gold vesicles (GVs) composed of a monolayer of assembled GNPs show strong absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) range of 650–800 nm, as a result of the plasmonic coupling effect between neighboring GNPs in the vesicular membranes. The strong NIR absorption and the capability of encapsulating photosensitizer Ce6 in GVs enable trimodality NIR fluorescence/thermal/photoacoustic imaging-guided synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) with improved efficacy. The Ce6-loaded GVs (GV-Ce6) have the following characteristics: (i) high Ce6 loading efficiency (up to ∼18.4 wt %; (ii) enhanced cellular uptake efficiency of Ce6; (iii) simultaneous trimodality NIR fluorescence/thermal/photoacoustic imaging; (iv) synergistic PTT/PDT treatment with improved efficacy using single wavelength continuous wave laser irradiation.
TL;DR: This review concentrates on various targeting and delivery techniques for improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of platinum-based anticancer drugs.
Abstract: Platinum-based anticancer drugs occupy a crucial role in the treatment of various malignant tumours. However, the efficacy and applicability of platinum drugs are heavily restricted by severe systemic toxicities and drug resistance. Different drug targeting and delivery (DTD) strategies have been developed to prevent the shortcomings of platinum-based chemotherapy. These approaches can be roughly categorized into two groups; namely, active and passive tactics. Active DTD is realized through specific molecular interactions between the drugs and cell or tissue elements, while passive DTD is achieved by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect in tumour tissues. The principal methods for active DTD include conjugation of platinum drugs with selective targeting moieties or encapsulation of platinum drugs in host molecules. Bioactive substances such as hormones, carbohydrates, bisphosphonates, peptides and proteins are commonly used in active DTD. Passive DTD generally involves the fabrication of functionalized polymers or nanoparticles and the subsequent conjugation of platinum drugs with such entities. Polymeric micelles, liposomes, nanotubes and nanoparticles are frequently used in passive DTD. In some cases, both active and passive mechanisms are involved in one DTD system. This review concentrates on various targeting and delivery techniques for improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of platinum-based anticancer drugs. The content covers most of the related literatures published since 2006. These innovative tactics represent current state-of-the-art developments in platinum-based anticancer drugs.
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a label distribution approach for facial age estimation, which covers a certain number of class labels, representing the degree that each label describes the instance, and two algorithms, named IIS-LLD and CPNN, are proposed to learn from such label distributions.
Abstract: One of the main difficulties in facial age estimation is that the learning algorithms cannot expect sufficient and complete training data. Fortunately, the faces at close ages look quite similar since aging is a slow and smooth process. Inspired by this observation, instead of considering each face image as an instance with one label (age), this paper regards each face image as an instance associated with a label distribution. The label distribution covers a certain number of class labels, representing the degree that each label describes the instance. Through this way, one face image can contribute to not only the learning of its chronological age, but also the learning of its adjacent ages. Two algorithms, named IIS-LLD and CPNN, are proposed to learn from such label distributions. Experimental results on two aging face databases show remarkable advantages of the proposed label distribution learning algorithms over the compared single-label learning algorithms, either specially designed for age estimation or for general purpose.
TL;DR: In this article, the production properties and couplings of the recently discovered Higgs boson using the decays into boson pairs were measured using the complete pp collision data sample recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at centre-of-mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 25/fb.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the current ecological situation and the use of the wetlands in major regions of the world in the context of global climate change and provided a synthesis of the findings and recommendations for sustainable use and protection of these important ecosystems.
Abstract: Wetlands cover at least 6 % of the Earth’s surface. They play a key role in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, harbour a large part of the world’s biodiversity, and provide multiple services to humankind. However, pressure in the form of land reclamation, intense resource exploitation, changes in hydrology, and pollution threaten wetlands on all continents. Depending on the region, 30–90 % of the world’s wetlands have already been destroyed or strongly modified in many countries with no sign of abatement. Climate change scenarios predict additional stresses on wetlands, mainly because of changes in hydrology, temperature increases, and a rise in sea level. Yet, intact wetlands play a key role as buffers in the hydrological cycle and as sinks for organic carbon, counteracting the effects of the increase in atmospheric CO2. Eight chapters comprising this volume of Aquatic Sciences analyze the current ecological situation and the use of the wetlands in major regions of the world in the context of global climate change. This final chapter provides a synthesis of the findings and recommendations for the sustainable use and protection of these important ecosystems.
TL;DR: This work proposes a novel tunnelling heterostructure by replacing one of the metal electrodes in a normal FTJ with a heavily doped semiconductor, which suggests their great potential in non-destructive readout non-volatile memories.
Abstract: Ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs), composed of two metal electrodes separated by an ultrathin ferroelectric barrier, have attracted much attention as promising candidates for non-volatile resistive memories. Theoretical and experimental works have revealed that the tunnelling resistance switching in FTJs originates mainly from a ferroelectric modulation on the barrier height. However, in these devices, modulation on the barrier width is very limited, although the tunnelling transmittance depends on it exponentially as well. Here we propose a novel tunnelling heterostructure by replacing one of the metal electrodes in a normal FTJ with a heavily doped semiconductor. In these metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor FTJs, not only the height but also the width of the barrier can be electrically modulated as a result of a ferroelectric field effect, leading to a greatly enhanced tunnelling electroresistance. This idea is implemented in Pt/BaTiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 heterostructures, in which an ON/OFF conductance ratio above 10(4), about one to two orders greater than those reported in normal FTJs, can be achieved at room temperature. The giant tunnelling electroresistance, reliable switching reproducibility and long data retention observed in these metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor FTJs suggest their great potential in non-destructive readout non-volatile memories.
TL;DR: In this article, the luminosity calibration for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV in 2010 and 2011 is presented, and a luminosity uncertainty of delta L/L = +/- 3.5 % is obtained.
Abstract: The luminosity calibration for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV in 2010 and 2011 is presented. Evaluation of the luminosity scale is performed using several luminosity-sensitive detectors, and comparisons are made of the long-term stability and accuracy of this calibration applied to the pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV. A luminosity uncertainty of delta L/L = +/- 3.5 % is obtained for the 47 pb(-1) of data delivered to ATLAS in 2010, and an uncertainty of delta L/L = +/- 1.8 % is obtained for the 5.5 fb(-1) delivered in 2011.
TL;DR: The authors reviewed research on Chinese Guanxi and social networking in the past twenty years and identified the major perspectives, theories, and methodologies used in guanxi research at micro and macro levels.
Abstract: In this article we review research on Chinese guanxi and social networking in the past twenty years and identify the major perspectives, theories, and methodologies used in guanxi research at micro and macro levels. We summarize the main findings of over 200 journal articles on guanxi research in terms of its conceptual definitions and measurements, its antecedents and consequences, and its dynamics and processes. Furthermore, we identify the gaps between different levels of guanxi research and discuss future directions to advance our understanding of the complex and intricate guanxi phenomenon.