Showing papers by "Northern Illinois University published in 2021"
TL;DR: In this article, the ATLAS particle-flow reconstruction method is used to reconstruct the topo-clusters of the proton-proton collision data with a center-of-mass energy of 13$ TeV collected by the LHC.
Abstract: Jet energy scale and resolution measurements with their associated uncertainties are reported for jets using 36-81 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using two different input types: topo-clusters formed from energy deposits in calorimeter cells, as well as an algorithmic combination of charged-particle tracks with those topo-clusters, referred to as the ATLAS particle-flow reconstruction method. The anti-$k_t$ jet algorithm with radius parameter $R=0.4$ is the primary jet definition used for both jet types. Jets are initially calibrated using a sequence of simulation-based corrections. Next, several $\textit{in situ}$ techniques are employed to correct for differences between data and simulation and to measure the resolution of jets. The systematic uncertainties in the jet energy scale for central jets ($|\eta| 2.5$ TeV). The relative jet energy resolution is measured and ranges from ($24 \pm 1.5$)% at 20 GeV to ($6 \pm 0.5$)% at 300 GeV.
131 citations
TL;DR: The Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) has measured the muon anomalous precession frequency to an uncertainty of 434 parts per billion (ppb), statistical, and 56 ppb, systematic, with data collected in four storage ring configurations during its first physics run in 2018.
Abstract: The Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) has measured the muon anomalous precession frequency $\omega_a$ to an uncertainty of 434 parts per billion (ppb), statistical, and 56 ppb, systematic, with data collected in four storage ring configurations during its first physics run in 2018. When combined with a precision measurement of the magnetic field of the experiment's muon storage ring, the precession frequency measurement determines a muon magnetic anomaly of $a_{\mu}({\rm FNAL}) = 116\,592\,040(54) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.46 ppm). This article describes the multiple techniques employed in the reconstruction, analysis and fitting of the data to measure the precession frequency. It also presents the averaging of the results from the eleven separate determinations of \omega_a, and the systematic uncertainties on the result.
129 citations
TL;DR: Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE’s sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.
Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a powerful tool for a variety of physics topics. The high-intensity proton beams provide a large neutrino flux, sampled by a near detector system consisting of a combination of capable precision detectors, and by the massive far detector system located deep underground. This configuration sets up DUNE as a machine for discovery, as it enables opportunities not only to perform precision neutrino measurements that may uncover deviations from the present three-flavor mixing paradigm, but also to discover new particles and unveil new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model (SM). Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE’s sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, neutrino trident production, dark matter from both beam induced and cosmogenic sources, baryon number violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the two-dimensional ZnIn2S4 nanosheets are grown on the surface of CdS hollow cubes to construct the hierarchical hollow photocatalysts with chemically bonded interface.
Abstract: The direct Z-scheme heterojunction has been recently emerging as an appealing architecture for photocatalysts design. Its efficiency depends on the interfacial and structural features of the photocatalysts. Herein, the two-dimensional ZnIn2S4 nanosheets are grown on the surface of CdS hollow cubes to construct the CdS@ZnIn2S4 hierarchical hollow photocatalysts with chemically bonded interface. The visualized measurements based on spatial-resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy, combined with other spectroscopic and simulation investigations, clearly disclose that the CdS@ZnIn2S4 hollow cubes constitute a highly efficient direct Z-scheme system. This accounts for the stoichiometric generation of H2 and H2O2 from pure water observed for the CdS@ZnIn2S4 sulfide-only photocatalysts under visible light irradiation with an apparent quantum efficiency of 1.63 % at 400 nm. The present work demonstrates an effective protocol to achieve comprehensive insights into the charge transfer route at semiconductor heterojunction, and offers a viable way for constructing efficient sulfide-only photocatalysts for driving water splitting reaction.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the principles of Li+ conduction inside solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) and the corresponding strategies to improve the Li+ conductivity and LITN of SPEs are reviewed.
Abstract: Smart electronics and wearable devices require batteries with increased energy density, enhanced safety, and improved mechanical flexibility However, current state-of-the-art Li-based rechargeable batteries (LBRBs) use highly reactive and flowable liquid electrolytes, severely limiting their ability to meet the above requirements Therefore, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are introduced to tackle the issues of liquid electrolytes Nevertheless, due to their low Li+ conductivity and Li+ transference number (LITN) (around 10-5 S cm-1 and 05, respectively), SPE-based room temperature LBRBs are still in their early stages of development This paper reviews the principles of Li+ conduction inside SPEs and the corresponding strategies to improve the Li+ conductivity and LITN of SPEs Some representative applications of SPEs in high-energy density, safe, and flexible LBRBs are then introduced and prospected
100 citations
01 Oct 2021
TL;DR: MAGIS-100 is a next-generation quantum sensor under construction at Fermilab that aims to explore fundamental physics with atom interferometry over a 100-meter baseline.
Abstract: MAGIS-100 is a next-generation quantum sensor under construction at Fermilab that aims to explore fundamental physics with atom interferometry over a 100-meter baseline. This novel detector will search for ultralight dark matter, test quantum mechanics in new regimes, and serve as a technology pathfinder for future gravitational wave detectors in a previously unexplored frequency band. It combines techniques demonstrated in state-of-the-art 10-meter-scale atom interferometers with the latest technological advances of the world's best atomic clocks. MAGIS-100 will provide a development platform for a future kilometer-scale detector that would be sufficiently sensitive to detect gravitational waves from known sources. Here we present the science case for the MAGIS concept, review the operating principles of the detector, describe the instrument design, and study the detector systematics.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the muon reconstruction and identification efficiency obtained by the ATLAS experiment for 139.5 million collision data collected between 2015 and 2018 during Run 2 of the LHC, and show that the improved and newly developed algorithms were deployed to preserve high muon identification efficiency with a low misidentification rate and good momentum resolution.
Abstract: This article documents the muon reconstruction and identification efficiency obtained by the ATLAS experiment for 139 $$\hbox {fb}^{-1}$$
fb
-
1
of pp collision data at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$
s
=
13
TeV collected between 2015 and 2018 during Run 2 of the LHC. The increased instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC over this period required a reoptimisation of the criteria for the identification of prompt muons. Improved and newly developed algorithms were deployed to preserve high muon identification efficiency with a low misidentification rate and good momentum resolution. The availability of large samples of $$Z\rightarrow \mu \mu $$
Z
→
μ
μ
and $$J/\psi \rightarrow \mu \mu $$
J
/
ψ
→
μ
μ
decays, and the minimisation of systematic uncertainties, allows the efficiencies of criteria for muon identification, primary vertex association, and isolation to be measured with an accuracy at the per-mille level in the bulk of the phase space, and up to the percent level in complex kinematic configurations. Excellent performance is achieved over a range of transverse momenta from 3 GeV to several hundred GeV, and across the full muon detector acceptance of $$|\eta |<2.7$$
|
η
|
<
2.7
.
86 citations
Benedict C. Jones1, Lisa M. DeBruine2, Jessica Kay Flake3, Marco Tullio Liuzza4 +240 more•Institutions (137)
TL;DR: It is suggested that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when the authors use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.
Abstract: Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.
74 citations
University of Michigan1, University of Illinois at Chicago2, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences3, Manipal Hospitals4, Rush University Medical Center5, University of Pennsylvania6, University of California, Los Angeles7, University of California, San Francisco8, Medical College of Wisconsin9, University of Utah10, Brigham and Women's Hospital11, Tulane University12, Northern Illinois University13, Cleveland Clinic14, Henry Ford Hospital15, Ochsner Health System16, University of Queensland17
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated 284 kidney biopsies to improve understanding of kidney disease in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), and found that the leading indication for native biopsy was acute kidney injury (45.4%), followed by proteinuria (42.6%).
73 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that postsecondary institutions of education, similar to the broader society in which they are embedded, are steeped in and further trans* oppression, and the knowledge produced at these instit...
Abstract: Postsecondary institutions of education, similar to the broader society in which they are embedded, are steeped in and further trans* oppression. In addition, the knowledge produced at these instit...
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single-atom Ce-N-C catalyst, constructed of atomically dispersed Ce anchored on N-doped porous carbon nanowires, is proposed to boost the ORR.
Abstract: Highly efficient noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are essential to reduce the costs of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Herein, a single-atom Ce-N-C catalyst, constructed of atomically dispersed Ce anchored on N-doped porous carbon nanowires, is proposed to boost the ORR. This catalyst has a high Ce content of 8.55 wt % and a high activity with ORR half-wave potentials of 0.88 V in alkaline media and 0.75 V in acidic electrolytes, which are comparable to widely studied Fe-N-C catalysts. A Zn-air battery based on this material shows excellent performance and durability. Density functional theory calculations reveal that atomically dispersed Ce with adsorbed hydroxyl species (OH) can significantly reduce the energy barrier of the rate-determining step resulting in an improved ORR activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixed-methods study about using virtual reality (VR) tools (Google Cardboard and Expeditions) for developing students' oral proficiency in learning Chinese as a second language was conducted.
Abstract: This article reports a mixed-methods study about using virtual reality (VR) tools (Google Cardboard and Expeditions) for developing students’ oral proficiency in learning Chinese as a secon...
TL;DR: In this paper, the Higgs boson properties in the four-lepton decay channel (where lepton = e, mu) were studied using 139 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded at v s =13 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the Lar...
Abstract: Higgs boson properties are studied in the fourlepton decay channel (where lepton = e, mu) using 139 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded at v s =13 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the Lar ...
TL;DR: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) as discussed by the authors is a 40kton underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, which is sensitive to the electron-neutrinos flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova.
Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 40-kton underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, will be sensitive to the electron-neutrino flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova. Such an observation will bring unique insight into the astrophysics of core collapse as well as into the properties of neutrinos. The general capabilities of DUNE for neutrino detection in the relevant few- to few-tens-of-MeV neutrino energy range will be described. As an example, DUNE's ability to constrain the $
u_e$ spectral parameters of the neutrino burst will be considered.
Max Planck Society1, University of Auckland2, Seoul National University3, Russian Academy of Sciences4, Wuhan University5, Hanseo University6, Jilin University7, Hiroshima University8, Kanazawa University9, Norwich University10, Kumamoto University11, Kyushu University12, University of Montana13, Kagoshima University14, University of Tokyo15, University of the Ryukyus16, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies17, National Research University – Higher School of Economics18, Northern Illinois University19, Masaryk University20, University of Oxford21, Kokugakuin University22, Leiden University23, École normale supérieure de Lyon24, Peking University25
TL;DR: It is shown that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture,challenging the traditional ‘Pastoralist Hypothesis’ and marking significant progress in the three individual disciplines by combining their converging evidence.
Abstract: The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history1–3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic–Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘pastoralist hypothesis’6–8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture. A ‘triangulation’ approach combining linguistics, archaeology and genetics suggests that the origin and spread of Transeurasian family of languages can be traced back to early millet farmers in Neolithic North East Asia.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation, was tested to reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world.
TL;DR: In this paper, a search for charged Higgs bosons decaying into W±W± or W±Z bosons is performed, involving experimental signatures with two leptons of the same charge, or three or four lepton with a variety of charge combinations, missing transverse momentum and jets.
Abstract: A search for charged Higgs bosons decaying into W±W± or W±Z bosons is performed, involving experimental signatures with two leptons of the same charge, or three or four leptons with a variety of charge combinations, missing transverse momentum and jets. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018 is used. The data correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. The search is guided by a type-II seesaw model that extends the scalar sector of the Standard Model with a scalar triplet, leading to a phenomenology that includes doubly and singly charged Higgs bosons. Two scenarios are explored, corresponding to the pair production of doubly charged H±± bosons, or the associated production of a doubly charged H±± boson and a singly charged H± boson. No significant deviations from the Standard Model predictions are observed. H±± bosons are excluded at 95% confidence level up to 350 GeV and 230 GeV for the pair and associated production modes, respectively. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
TL;DR: An ion-imprinting derived strategy is proposed to synthesize CSACs, in which isolated metal-nitrogen-carbon moiety covalently binds oxygen atoms in Si-based molecular sieve frameworks, resulting in the final material enriched with single-atom metal active sites.
Abstract: Carbon-based single-atom catalysts (CSACs) have recently received extensive attention in catalysis research. However, the preparation process of CSACs involves a high-temperature treatment, during which metal atoms are mobile and aggregated into nanoparticles, detrimental to the catalytic performance. Herein, an ion-imprinting derived strategy is proposed to synthesize CSACs, in which isolated metal-nitrogen-carbon (Me-N4 -Cx ) moiety covalently binds oxygen atoms in Si-based molecular sieve frameworks. Such a feature makes Me-N4 -Cx moiety well protected/confined during the heat treatment, resulting in the final material enriched with single-atom metal active sites. As a proof of concept, a single-atom Fe-N-C catalyst is synthesized by using this ion-imprinting derived strategy. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate high concentration of single FeN4 active sites distributed in this catalyst, resulting in an outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance with a half-wave potential of 0.908 V in alkaline media.
TL;DR: In this article, a search for supersymmetric partners of quarks and gluons (squarks, gluinos) in final states containing jets and missing transverse momentum, but no electrons or muons, is presented.
Abstract: A search for the supersymmetric partners of quarks and gluons (squarks and gluinos) in final states containing jets and missing transverse momentum, but no electrons or muons, is presented. The data used in this search were recorded by the ATLAS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$. The results are interpreted in the context of various $R$-parity-conserving models where squarks and gluinos are produced in pairs or in association and a neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 2.30 TeV for a simplified model containing only a gluino and the lightest neutralino, assuming the latter is massless. For a simplified model involving the strong production of mass-degenerate first- and second-generation squarks, squark masses below 1.85 TeV are excluded if the lightest neutralino is massless. These limits extend substantially beyond the region of supersymmetric parameter space excluded previously by similar searches with the ATLAS detector.
TL;DR: It is suggested how the diverse, fruitful, but scattered efforts to develop CT both inside and outside the formal discipline of RA might be leveraged for greater theoretical, methodological, and applied progress in the field.
Abstract: Cultural theory (CT) developed from grid/group analysis, which posits that different patterns of social relations-hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian, and fatalist-produce compatible cultural biases influencing assessment of which hazards pose high or low risk and how to manage them. Introduced to risk analysis (RA) in 1982 by Douglas and Wildavsky's Risk and Culture, this institutional approach to social construction of risk surprised a field hitherto focused on psychological influences on risk perceptions and behavior. We explain what CT is and how it developed; describe and evaluate its contributions to the study of risk perception and management, and its prescriptions for risk assessment and management; and identify opportunities and resources to develop its contributions to RA. We suggest how the diverse, fruitful, but scattered efforts to develop CT both inside and outside the formal discipline of RA (as exemplified by the Society for Risk Analysis) might be leveraged for greater theoretical, methodological, and applied progress in the field.
TL;DR: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current development of open cathode fuel cell and identifies various aspects that can potentially influence its future advancements and the research and development needs for the field are highlighted and discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors utilize input from service scholars, practitioners, reviews of published literature, and influential policy documents to identify service research priorities that push the boundaries of service research.
Abstract: This article utilizes input from service scholars, practitioners, reviews of published literature, and influential policy documents to identify service research priorities that push the boundaries ...
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between PFASs and both overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity among children was explored, and associations between PFOA and PFOS levels, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a representative sample (N = 2473) of US children, aged 12-18 years from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2012.
TL;DR: In this article, a measurement of light-by-light scattering based on Pb+Pb collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment during Run 2 of the LHC is described.
Abstract: This paper describes a measurement of light-by-light scattering based on Pb+Pb collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment during Run 2 of the LHC. The study uses 2.2 nb$^{−1}$ of integrated luminosity collected in 2015 and 2018 at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $ = 5.02 TeV. Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively, each with transverse energy $ {E}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma } $> 2.5 GeV, pseudorapidity |η$_{γ}$| 5 GeV, and with small diphoton transverse momentum and diphoton acoplanarity. The integrated and differential fiducial cross sections are measured and compared with theoretical predictions. The diphoton invariant mass distribution is used to set limits on the production of axion-like particles. This result provides the most stringent limits to date on axion-like particle production for masses in the range 6–100 GeV. Cross sections above 2 to 70 nb are excluded at the 95% CL in that mass interval.[graphic not available: see fulltext]
TL;DR: The barriers to PA are outlined and how to overcome them are explored, drawing from case studies of successful, evidence-based interventions that use culturally- and linguistically- appropriate approaches to increase PA in underserved populations.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis comparing the p p ¯ elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in p p p collisions, using a model-independent approach, is presented.
Abstract: We describe an analysis comparing the p p ¯ elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in p p collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach. The TOTEM cross sections, extrapolated to a center-of-mass energy of s = 1.96 TeV , are compared with the D0 measurement in the region of the diffractive minimum and the second maximum of the p p cross section. The two data sets disagree at the 3.4 σ level and thus provide evidence for the t -channel exchange of a colorless, C -odd gluonic compound, also known as the odderon. We combine these results with a TOTEM analysis of the same C -odd exchange based on the total cross section and the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the forward elastic strong interaction scattering amplitude in p p scattering for which the significance is between 3.4 σ and 4.6 σ . The combined significance is larger than 5 σ and is interpreted as the first observation of the exchange of a colorless, C -odd gluonic compound.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine previous research that connects three selected model-based practices (MBPs) to social and emotional learning (SEL) outcomes in K-12 physi...
Abstract: The purpose of this scoping review is to critically examine previous research that connects three selected model-based practices (MBPs) to social and emotional learning (SEL) outcomes in K-12 physi...
TL;DR: An online database to display experimentally verified CAZyme-containing PULs from literature with pertinent metadata, sequences, and annotation, and an integrated BLASTX service available for users to query their sequences against PUL proteins in dbCAN-PUL are developed.
Abstract: PULs (polysaccharide utilization loci) are discrete gene clusters of CAZymes (Carbohydrate Active EnZymes) and other genes that work together to digest and utilize carbohydrate substrates. While PULs have been extensively characterized in Bacteroidetes, there exist PULs from other bacterial phyla, as well as archaea and metagenomes, that remain to be catalogued in a database for efficient retrieval. We have developed an online database dbCAN-PUL (http://bcb.unl.edu/dbCAN_PUL/) to display experimentally verified CAZyme-containing PULs from literature with pertinent metadata, sequences, and annotation. Compared to other online CAZyme and PUL resources, dbCAN-PUL has the following new features: (i) Batch download of PUL data by target substrate, species/genome, genus, or experimental characterization method; (ii) Annotation for each PUL that displays associated metadata such as substrate(s), experimental characterization method(s) and protein sequence information, (iii) Links to external annotation pages for CAZymes (CAZy), transporters (UniProt) and other genes, (iv) Display of homologous gene clusters in GenBank sequences via integrated MultiGeneBlast tool and (v) An integrated BLASTX service available for users to query their sequences against PUL proteins in dbCAN-PUL. With these features, dbCAN-PUL will be an important repository for CAZyme and PUL research, complementing our other web servers and databases (dbCAN2, dbCAN-seq).
Utrecht University1, University of Guadalajara2, Argonne National Laboratory3, Northern Illinois University4, Heidelberg University5, University of British Columbia6, University of Saskatchewan7, Osaka Prefecture University8, University of Mainz9, University of Fribourg10, Paul Scherrer Institute11, Stockholm University12, Uppsala University13, University of Rostock14, National Institute of Standards and Technology15, Brookhaven National Laboratory16, University of Trieste17, Chiba University18, University of Grenoble19, Humboldt University of Berlin20, University of Washington21, Hiroshima University22
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the different methods and computer codes that are used to interpret 2p x-ray absorption spectra of 3d transition metal ions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between MOOC design factors, learner commitment, self-directed learning, and intentions for future learning, using survey responses collected from 664 learners who took a large-scale MOOC.
Abstract: The open and massive characteristics of Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) lead to a lack of instructor presence, which potentially hinders learners' commitment and learning processes. As a result, the effectiveness of MOOCs is contingent upon the extent to which learners direct their own learning. However, learners' self-directed learning and commitment are largely influenced by course design factors due to lack of direct learner-instructor interactions. In order to address the current gap in the literature with regard to how course design factors influence learning processes and outcomes, this study investigated the relationships between MOOC design factors, learner commitment, self-directed learning, and intentions for future learning, using survey responses collected from 664 learners who took a large-scale MOOC. We found that the transactional distance between learners and content was associated with students' self-directed learning. Course structure and organization predicted both students' self-directed learning and commitment to the MOOC. Importantly, self-directed learning mediated relationships between the course design factors and learners’ intentions for further learning. Based on our findings, we provide design strategies for effective learner-content interaction in large-scale self-paced MOOCs.