Showing papers in "Trends in Immunology in 2012"

TL;DR: Targeting molecular pathways regulating TAM polarization holds great promise for anticancer therapy.

TL;DR: These cytometric technologies, capable of high-content, high-throughput single-cell assays, and a new technology that promises to extend these capabilities significantly are reviewed.

TL;DR: With a focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models, this review summarizes the distinct molecular mechanisms required for immune cell migration across the different CNS barriers.

TL;DR: A synthesis of the current status of mesenchymal stem cells is provided, which shows that there are bidirectional interactions between MSCs and inflammatory cells, which determine the outcome of MSC-mediated tissue repair processes.

TL;DR: Recent insights into the negative regulation of TLR signaling are discussed, with focus on three major mechanisms: dissociation of adaptor complexes; degradation of signal proteins; and transcriptional regulation.

TL;DR: This work reviews the signaling pathways that control metabolism and how the metabolic phenotypes of T cell subtypes integrate with T cell function and may provide new opportunities to modulate the immune response and treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

TL;DR: The impact of adenosine on suppressing the antitumor response and the evidence supporting the rationale for CD73 targeting in the treatment of cancer are outlined.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of TLO formation and maintenance, the controversies surrounding the nature of the inducing events, and the functions of these structures in infection, transplantation and autoimmunity.

TL;DR: How this cytokine has evolved from being a marker of inflammation to a successful target to control inflammation is discussed and potential mechanisms by which IL-6 can contribute to the progression of inflammatory diseases are described.

TL;DR: Current knowledge on the development and function of the thymic microenvironment is summarized, paying particular attention to the cortical and medullary epithelial compartments.

TL;DR: The interaction of neutrophils with macrophages, as well as the downstream effects on T cell activity, could result in a range of outcomes from early clearance of infection to dissemination of viable bacteria together with an attenuated acquired immune response.

TL;DR: How antibiotic-induced disruption of the microbiota and immune homeostasis can lead to disease is discussed and strategies to restore immune defenses during antibiotic administration are reviewed.

TL;DR: The phagosome undergoes a progressive remodeling of its membrane and contents that culminates in the formation of phagolysosomes, which mediates the clearance of apoptotic bodies and also the elimination of microbial pathogens.

TL;DR: This work discusses how T cells and dendritic cells subsequently gain access to the paracortex of draining lymph nodes; a location that allows for efficient interaction between both cell populations, providing the right environment for the induction of immunity as well as tolerance.

TL;DR: Current data show that TNFSF ligand-receptor signaling pathways are active in inflammatory and autoimmune disease, and several genetic polymorphisms in TNFSf and TNFRSF associate with susceptibility to developing disease.

TL;DR: This review will address inflammasome actions within the CNS and how cooperation between TLR and inflamMASome signaling may influence disease outcome and the concept of alternative inflammaome functions independent of IL-1 and IL-18 processing are considered in the context of CNS disease.

TL;DR: Understanding the role of CD169(+) macrophages in the activation of acquired immunity could benefit the design of vaccination strategies, for example those aimed at eliciting cytotoxic T cells.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the development and analysis of mouse models to investigate the roles of MCs and MC-associated products during biological responses in vivo are discussed and some of the similarities and differences in the results obtained with these newer versus older models of MC deficiency are commented on.

TL;DR: An overview of the transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine and chemokine receptors that characterize the Th17 cell phenotype is provided and it is suggested that this plasticity together with the limited expansion of Th17 cells in response to T cell receptor (TCR) triggering accounts for the rarity of human Th 17 cells in inflamed tissues.

TL;DR: This review describes how IgA induction occurs through both T-dependent and T-independent mechanisms, and how it is generated against the prodigious load of commensal microbes after mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) have sampled a tiny fraction of the microbial consortia in the intestinal lumen.

TL;DR: Understanding of the multiple regulatory pathways within the T cell compartment is needed to counteract helminth-induced immunosuppression and induce long-term immunological memory, and the potential for reversing unresponsiveness through stimulatory signals or replacement by new responders is considered.

TL;DR: A review of the rapidly emerging functions of semaphorins and their receptors in the immune system finds that some regulate immune cell activation or differentiation, whereas others navigate the trafficking of immune cells.

TL;DR: The prevalence, diversity and durability of naturally acquired Mc, including in healthy individuals, indicates that a shift is needed from the conventional paradigm of 'self versus other' to a view of the normal 'self' as constitutively chimeric.

TL;DR: Recent data highlighting the dual roles of IL-33 in protective and deleterious immune responses are discussed.

TL;DR: The role of mammalian IAPs in regulating immunity is examined and the implications of a new class of pan-IAP antagonists for the treatment of immune disorders are described.

TL;DR: In this article, the reversibility of T cell exhaustion and novel molecular insights provide the basis for further improvements of clinical immunotherapy, and state-of-the-art adoptive cell transfer and active immunotherapy can partially overcome the three stumbling blocks.

TL;DR: This review compares and contrast what is known about the nature of the interactions between endothelial cells, pericytes supporting the endothelium of microvessels, and smooth muscle cells forming the bulk of large vessel walls in humans.

TL;DR: Current knowledge of the function of HMGB proteins, as a ligand that can evoke inflammatory responses, and as a sensor for nucleic-acid-mediated immune responses is summarized.

TL;DR: The potential therapeutic use of memory T cell inflation as a vaccine strategy and the associated implications for immune senescence are considered.

TL;DR: This review addresses the attractive potential of Btn and Btnl molecules to act as specific attenuators of tissue-associated inflammatory responses with respect to T cell inhibition and T cell modulation.