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Advances in islet encapsulation technologies

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TLDR
Although encapsulation technology has met several challenges, the convergence of expertise in materials, nanotechnology, stem cell biology and immunology is allowing the goal of encapsulated islet cell therapy for humans to be closer.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas. Although islet transplantation has proved to be successful for some patients with type 1 diabetes, its widespread use is limited by islet donor shortage and the requirement for lifelong immunosuppression. An encapsulation strategy that can prevent the rejection of xenogeneic islets or of stem cell-derived allogeneic islets can potentially eliminate both of these barriers. Although encapsulation technology has met several challenges, the convergence of expertise in materials, nanotechnology, stem cell biology and immunology is allowing us to get closer to the goal of encapsulated islet cell therapy for humans.

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3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications

TL;DR: A review of hydrogel-based biomaterial inks and bioinks for 3D printing can be found in this paper, where the authors provide a comprehensive overview and discussion of the tailorability of material, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties.
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Non-invasive delivery strategies for biologics.

TL;DR: This Review summarizes the current status, latest updates and future prospects for delivery of peptides, proteins and other biologics, including subcutaneous, transdermal, oral, inhalation, nasal and buccal routes.
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Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microcapsules for Advanced Drug Delivery

TL;DR: The article presents the most important structures of microparticles (microspheres, microcapsules, coated pellets, etc.), interpreted with microscopic images too, as well as the drug release mechanisms and commonly used excipients.
Journal ArticleDOI

Stem Cell Therapies for Treating Diabetes: Progress and Remaining Challenges

TL;DR: Current efforts aimed at generating a sustainable source of functional human stem cell-derived insulin-producing islet cells for cell transplantation are described and state-of-the-art efforts to protect such cells via immune modulation and encapsulation strategies are presented.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Anti-inflammatory peptide-functionalized hydrogels for insulin-secreting cell encapsulation.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a poly(ethylene glycol)-containing hydrogel network, formed by native chemical ligation and presenting an inhibitory peptide for islet cell surface IL-1 receptor, was able to maintain the viability of encapsulated islet cells in the presence of a combination of cytokines including IL- 1 beta, TNF-alpha, and INF-gamma.
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Reversal of diabetes by pancreatic islet transplantation into a subcutaneous, neovascularized device.

TL;DR: Ease of implantation, biocompatibility, and ability to maintain long-term graft function support the potential of the implantable device for cellular-based reparative therapies.
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The role of genetically engineered pigs in xenotransplantation research.

TL;DR: Clinical trials of pig kidney, heart and islet transplantation will become feasible in the near future through genetic engineering of pigs genetically engineered to protect them from the human immune response.
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Interfacial photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels upon alginate-poly(l-lysine) microcapsules for enhanced biocompatibility

TL;DR: The biocompatibility of microcapsules made by the co-acervation of alginate and poly(l-lysine) (PLL) was enhanced by coating the surface of these micro Capsules with a PEG-based hydrogel, which was found to be less inflammatory and to elicit a fibrotic response.
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Islet Vasculature as a Regulator of Endocrine Pancreas Function

TL;DR: There is information to support no fewer than three models of endocrine cell perfusion, emphasizing the lack of a universally accepted physiological theory in islet microcirculation.
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