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Advances in islet encapsulation technologies

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TLDR
Although encapsulation technology has met several challenges, the convergence of expertise in materials, nanotechnology, stem cell biology and immunology is allowing the goal of encapsulated islet cell therapy for humans to be closer.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas. Although islet transplantation has proved to be successful for some patients with type 1 diabetes, its widespread use is limited by islet donor shortage and the requirement for lifelong immunosuppression. An encapsulation strategy that can prevent the rejection of xenogeneic islets or of stem cell-derived allogeneic islets can potentially eliminate both of these barriers. Although encapsulation technology has met several challenges, the convergence of expertise in materials, nanotechnology, stem cell biology and immunology is allowing us to get closer to the goal of encapsulated islet cell therapy for humans.

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3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications

TL;DR: A review of hydrogel-based biomaterial inks and bioinks for 3D printing can be found in this paper, where the authors provide a comprehensive overview and discussion of the tailorability of material, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties.
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Non-invasive delivery strategies for biologics.

TL;DR: This Review summarizes the current status, latest updates and future prospects for delivery of peptides, proteins and other biologics, including subcutaneous, transdermal, oral, inhalation, nasal and buccal routes.
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Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microcapsules for Advanced Drug Delivery

TL;DR: The article presents the most important structures of microparticles (microspheres, microcapsules, coated pellets, etc.), interpreted with microscopic images too, as well as the drug release mechanisms and commonly used excipients.
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Stem Cell Therapies for Treating Diabetes: Progress and Remaining Challenges

TL;DR: Current efforts aimed at generating a sustainable source of functional human stem cell-derived insulin-producing islet cells for cell transplantation are described and state-of-the-art efforts to protect such cells via immune modulation and encapsulation strategies are presented.
References
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Human embryonic stem cell derived islet progenitors mature inside an encapsulation device without evidence of increased biomass or cell escape

TL;DR: Monitoring human insulin secretion and bioluminescent imaging revealed for the first time that hESCs remained fully contained in encapsulation devices for up to 150 days, the longest period tested, suggest that encapsulated hESC derived islet progenitors hold great promise as an effective and safe cell replacement therapy for insulin dependent diabetes.
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Improved vascularization of planar membrane diffusion devices following continuous infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor.

TL;DR: Vascular endothelial growth factor can be used to improve blood vessel formation adjacent to planar membrane diffusion devices, as well as other factors, as needed to improve the survival of encapsulated tissue.
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Survival of microencapsulated adult pig islets in mice in spite of an antibody response.

TL;DR: Alginate capsules can prolong the survival of adult pig islets transplanted into diabetic mice for up to 190 days, even in the presence of an antibody response.
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Neural stem/progenitor cells modulate immune responses by suppressing T lymphocytes with nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.

TL;DR: NSCs appear to suppress T-cells, at least in part, by NO and PGE2 production which, in turn, would account for the well-documented reduction of central nervous system immunopathology by transplanted NSCs.
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Improvement of subcutaneous bioartificial pancreas vascularization and function by coencapsulation of pig islets and mesenchymal stem cells in primates.

TL;DR: The cotransplantation of islets with MSCs improves only slightly the long-term function of a subcutaneous bioartificial pancreas in a primate preclinical model, but improves implant oxygenation and neoangiogenesis.
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