Journal ArticleDOI
Brain Connectivity: Gender Makes a Difference
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TLDR
The literature provides convergent evidence for a substantial gender difference in brain connectivity within the human brain that possibly underlies gender-related cognitive differences and should be mandatory to take gender into account when designing experiments or interpreting results of brain connectivity/network in health and disease.Abstract:
It has been well known that gender plays a critical role in the anatomy and function of the human brain, as well as human behaviors. Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated gender effects on not only focal brain areas but also the connectivity between areas. Specifically, structural MRI and diffusion MRI data have revealed substantial gender differences in white matter-based anatomical connectivity. Structural MRI data further demonstrated gender differences in the connectivity revealed by morphometric correlation among brain areas. Functional connectivity derived from functional neuroimaging (e.g., functional MRI and PET) data is also modulated by gender. Moreover, male and female human brains display differences in the network topology that represents the organizational patterns of brain connectivity across the entire brain. In this review, the authors summarize recent findings in the multimodal brain connectivity/network research with gender, focusing on large-scale data sets derived from modern neuroimaging techniques. The literature provides convergent evidence for a substantial gender difference in brain connectivity within the human brain that possibly underlies gender-related cognitive differences. Therefore, it should be mandatory to take gender into account when designing experiments or interpreting results of brain connectivity/network in health and disease. Future studies will likely be conducted to explore the interdependence between gender-related brain connectivity/network and the gender-specific nature of brain diseases as well as to investigate gender-related characteristics of multimodal brain connectivity/network in the normal brain.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Graph analysis of the human connectome: promise, progress, and pitfalls.
TL;DR: The notion that brain connectivity can be abstracted to a graph of nodes, representing neural elements linked by edges, representing some measure of structural, functional or causal interaction between nodes, brings connectomic data into the realm of graph theory.
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Motivational pathways to STEM career choices: Using expectancy–value perspective to understand individual and gender differences in STEM fields
Ming-Te Wang,Jessica L. Degol +1 more
TL;DR: A literature review of the current knowledge surrounding individual and gender differences in STEM educational and career choices, using expectancy-value theory as a guiding framework to provide both a well-defined theoretical framework and complementary empirical evidence for linking specific sociocultural, contextual, biological, and psychological factors.
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Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead☆
Joan Meyers-Levy,Barbara Loken +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe four major theories of gender differences (socio-cultural, evolutionary, hormone brain, and selectivity hypothesis) and assess relevant research from 2000 to 2013 in marketing, psychology, and biomedicine.
Journal ArticleDOI
Networks of anatomical covariance.
TL;DR: This review describes the basic methodological strategies, the biological basis of the observed covariance as well as applications in normal brain and brain disease before a final review of future prospects for the technique.
Journal ArticleDOI
Linked Sex Differences in Cognition and Functional Connectivity in Youth
Theodore D. Satterthwaite,Daniel H. Wolf,David R. Roalf,Kosha Ruparel,Guray Erus,Simon N. Vandekar,Efstathios D. Gennatas,Mark A. Elliott,Alex R. Smith,Hakon Hakonarson,Ragini Verma,Christos Davatzikos,Raquel E. Gur,Ruben C. Gur +13 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that sex differences in patterns of cognition are in part represented on a neural level through divergent patterns of brain connectivity through rsfc-MRI.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Developmental Differences in White Matter Architecture Between Boys and Girls
TL;DR: Sex differences in the development of white matter microstructure were investigated in a cohort of normal children ages 5–18 in a DTI study, indicating differing developmental trajectories in white matter for boys and girls and the importance of taking sex into account in developmental DTI studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of handedness and gender on macro- and microstructure of the corpus callosum and its subregions: a combined high-resolution and diffusion-tensor MRI study
René Westerhausen,Frank Kreuder,Sarah Dos Santos Sequeira,C. Walter,Wolfgang Woerner,Ralf Arne Wittling,Elisabeth Schweiger,Werner Wittling +7 more
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the inspection of the callosal microstructure using DTI yields empirical evidence on interhemispheric connectivity that goes well beyond the information revealed by anatomical measurements alone, and DTI has proven to be a useful additional method in cognitive neuroscience.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex differences in anatomic measures of interhemispheric connectivity: correlations with cognition in women but not men.
TL;DR: A robust sex difference in the splenium of the corpus callosum, reflecting greater interhemispheric connectivity in women, was observed on magnetic resonance images from 114 individuals, based on a new image analysis technique which allows investigation of local variability in brain morphology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex-related differences in amygdala functional connectivity during resting conditions.
TL;DR: Analysis of regional cerebral blood flow data revealed significant sex-related differences in amygdala functional connectivity during resting conditions, and these differences in functional connectivity at rest may link to sex- related differences in medical and psychiatric disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Combining structural and functional neuroimaging data for studying brain connectivity: A review
TL;DR: This work reviews studies combining in vivo structural and functional brain connectivity data, where structural connectivity analysis is paired with voxel-wise analysis of functional neuroimaging data or the measurement of functional connectivity based on covariance analysis is guided/aided by structural connectivity data.
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