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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Clinical Applications of DNA Vaccines: Current Progress

TLDR
The ability of the current, or second-generation, DNA vaccines to induce more-potent cellular and humoral responses opens up this platform to be examined in both preventative and therapeutic arenas.
Abstract
It was discovered almost 20 years ago that plasmid DNA, when injected into the skin or muscle of mice, could induce immune responses to encoded antigens. Since that time, there has since been much progress in understanding the basic biology behind this deceptively simple vaccine platform and much technological advancement to enhance immune potency. Among these advancements are improved formulations and improved physical methods of delivery, which increase the uptake of vaccine plasmids by cells; optimization of vaccine vectors and encoded antigens; and the development of novel formulations and adjuvants to augment and direct the host immune response. The ability of the current, or second-generation, DNA vaccines to induce more-potent cellular and humoral responses opens up this platform to be examined in both preventative and therapeutic arenas. This review focuses on these advances and discusses both preventive and immunotherapeutic clinical applications.

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Journal ArticleDOI

DNA vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis: a promising approach for prevention and control.

TL;DR: Despite the many genes identified as vaccine candidates, the disappointing potency of the DNA vaccines in VL underscores the challenges encountered in the efforts to translate efficacy in preclinical models into clinical realities.
Journal ArticleDOI

Vaccines for epidemic infections and the role of CEPI.

TL;DR: The author reviews the foundation of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations and the choices it has made for funding of vaccine development against epidemic diseases as well as proposing how CEPI could remain relevant for the long term.
Journal ArticleDOI

Cancer Vaccines, Treatment of the Future: With Emphasis on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

TL;DR: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women as mentioned in this paper, and breast cancer vaccines are broadly classified as preventive and therapeutic, which are used to ward off any future infections and to treat a person with active disease.
Journal ArticleDOI

Self-Assembly DNA Polyplex Vaccine inside Dissolving Microneedles for High-Potency Intradermal Vaccination.

TL;DR: The data in this study support the safety and immunogenicity of the MN-based vaccine; the MN patch delivery system induced an immune response 3.5-fold as strong as seen with conventional intramuscular administration, and the DNA polyplex formulation provided excellent vaccine stability at high temperature.
Journal ArticleDOI

Nanoparticle mediated cancer immunotherapy.

TL;DR: Applications of NPs used to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines and modulate the TME to improve cancer immunotherapy are summarized.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein

TL;DR: To generate a viral antigen for presentation to the immune system without the limitations of direct peptide delivery or viral vectors, plasmid DNA encoding influenza A nucleop protein was injected into the quadriceps of BALB/c mice and resulted in the generation of nucleoprotein-specific CTLs.
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Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response.

TL;DR: It is reported that an immune response can be elicited by introducing the gene encoding a protein directly into the skin of mice by using a hand-held form of the biolistic system.
Journal ArticleDOI

DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations

TL;DR: By far the most efficient DNA immunizations were achieved by using a gene gun to deliver DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis, and 95% protection was achieved by two immunizations with beads loaded with as little as 0.4 micrograms of DNA.
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