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Colonic inflammation in Parkinson's disease.

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TLDR
Findings provide evidence that enteric inflammation occurs in Parkinson's disease and further reinforce the role of peripheral inflammation in the initiation and/or the progression of the disease.
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This article is published in Neurobiology of Disease.The article was published on 2013-02-01. It has received 446 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Glial fibrillary acidic protein & Parkinson's disease.

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Can we use peripheral tissue biopsies to diagnose Parkinson's disease? A review of the literature

TL;DR: The sensitivity and specificity of phos αSYN are not yet acceptable for using phosαSYN as a reliable peripheral biomarker for PD in clinical routine, and GI tract/salivary glands appear to be the most promising candidate tissue for peripheral biopsy‐taking.
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Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Parkinson's Disease.

TL;DR: The possible link between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease is reviewed based on the available literature and it is suggested that the enteric microbiome changes early in PD, and gut infections trigger α-synuclein release and aggregation.
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Immune responses in Parkinson's disease: interplay between central and peripheral immune systems.

TL;DR: The understanding of the nature of the chronic inflammation in disease progression and the possible risk factors that contribute to altered central and peripheral immune responses will offer mechanistic insights into PD etiology and pathology and benefit the development of effective tailored therapeutics for human PD.
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Enteric glial biology, intercellular signalling and roles in gastrointestinal disease.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss current concepts regarding enteric glial development, heterogeneity and functional roles in gastrointestinal pathophysiology and pathophysiological, with a focus on interactions with neurons and immune cells, and present a working model to differentiate glial states based on normal function and disease induced dysfunctions.
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Distinct pattern of enteric phospho-alpha-synuclein aggregates and gene expression profiles in patients with Parkinson's disease.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that the CNS pathology of increased p-α-syn in PD also applies to the enteric nervous system of PD patients is strengthened, if elaborated morphometry is applied and give further insights in altered intestinal gene expression in PD.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative pcr and the 2(-delta delta c(t)) method

TL;DR: The 2-Delta Delta C(T) method as mentioned in this paper was proposed to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments, and it has been shown to be useful in the analysis of realtime, quantitative PCR data.
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Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.

TL;DR: The pathological findings in 100 patients diagnosed prospectively by a group of consultant neurologists as having idiopathic Parkinson's disease are reported, and these observations call into question current concepts of Parkinson's Disease as a single distinct morbid entity.
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Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease

TL;DR: This study traces the course of the pathology in incidental and symptomatic Parkinson cases proposing a staging procedure based upon the readily recognizable topographical extent of the lesions.
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Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains

TL;DR: The detected large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia (macrophages) in the substantia nigra of all cases studied with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism and suggest a frequent coexistence of DAT- and Parkinson-type pathology in elderly patients.
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