Journal ArticleDOI
Evolutionary Conservation of Human Drug Targets in Organisms used for Environmental Risk Assessments
Lina-Maria Gunnarsson,Alexandra Jauhiainen,Erik Kristiansson,Olle Nerman,D. G. Joakim Larsson +4 more
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TLDR
It is proposed that aquatic environmental risk assessments for human drugs should always include comprehensive studies on aquatic vertebrates, and individual targets, especially enzymes, are well conserved suggesting that tests on evolutionarily distant organisms would be highly relevant for certain drugs.Abstract:
Pharmaceuticals are typically found in very low concentrations in the aquatic environment. Accordingly, environmental effects clearly assigned to residual drugs are consistent with high affinity interactions with conserved targets in affected wildlife species rather than with a general toxic effect. Thus, evolutionarily well-conserved targets in a given species are associated with an increased risk. In this study orthologs for 1318 human drug targets were predicted in 16 species of which several are relevant for ecotoxicity testing. The conservation of different functional categories of targets was also analyzed. Zebrafish had orthologs to 86% of the drug targets while only 61% were conserved in Daphnia and 35% in green alga. The predicted presence and absence of orthologs agrees well with published experimental data on the potential for specific drug target interaction in various species. Based on the conservation of targets we propose that aquatic environmental risk assessments for human drugs should always include comprehensive studies on aquatic vertebrates. Furthermore, individual targets, especially enzymes, are well conserved suggesting that tests on evolutionarily distant organisms would be highly relevant for certain drugs. We propose that the results can guide environmental risk assessments by improving the possibilities to identify species sensitive to certain types of pharmaceuticals or to other contaminants that act through well defined mechanisms of action. Moreover, we suggest that the results can be used to interpret the relevance of existing ecotoxicity data.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions?
Alistair B.A. Boxall,Murray A. Rudd,Bryan W. Brooks,Daniel J. Caldwell,Kyungho Choi,Silke Hickmann,Elizabeth Innes,Kim Ostapyk,Jane P. Staveley,Tim Verslycke,Gerald T. Ankley,Karen F. Beazley,Scott E. Belanger,Jason P. Berninger,Pedro Carriquiriborde,Anja Coors,Paul C. DeLeo,Scott D. Dyer,Jon F. Ericson,François Gagné,John P. Giesy,Todd Gouin,Lars K Hallstrom,Maja V. Karlsson,D. G. Joakim Larsson,James M. Lazorchak,Frank Mastrocco,Alison McLaughlin,Mark E. McMaster,Roger D. Meyerhoff,Roberta Moore,Joanne L. Parrott,Jason Snape,Richard Murray-Smith,Mark R. Servos,Paul K. Sibley,Juerg Oliver Straub,Nora D. Szabo,Edward Topp,Gerald R. Tetreault,Vance L. Trudeau,Glen Van Der Kraak +41 more
TL;DR: This exercise prioritized the most critical questions regarding the effects of PPCPs on human and ecological health in order to ensure that future resources will be focused on the most important areas.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations.
TL;DR: This work shows that a benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug (oxazepam) alters behavior and feeding rate of wild European perch at concentrations encountered in effluent-influenced surface waters, and alters animal behaviors that are known to have ecological and evolutionary consequences.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish.
TL;DR: The authors review the current data on the presence and reported biological effects in fish of some of the most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment; namely nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), fibrates, β-blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), azoles, and antibiotics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems--impacts through behavioural alterations.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that prey consumption can be an important exposure route as on average 46% of the pharmaceutical in ingested prey accumulated in the predator, suggesting that investigations of exposure through bioconcentration, where trophic interactions and subsequent bioaccumulation of exposed individuals are ignored, underestimate exposure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Medicating the environment: assessing risks of pharmaceuticals to wildlife and ecosystems
TL;DR: A holistic, global view of environmental exposure to pharmaceuticals encompassing terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems in high- and low-income countries is taken, and studies on uptake, trophic transfer and indirect effects of pharmaceuticals acting via food webs are presented.
References
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Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions?
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