First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
Kazunori Akiyama,Antxon Alberdi,Walter Alef,Keiichi Asada,Rebecca Azulay,Rebecca Azulay,Anne Kathrin Baczko,David Ball,Mislav Baloković,John E. Barrett,Dan Bintley,Lindy Blackburn,W. Boland,Katherine L. Bouman,Katherine L. Bouman,Geoffrey C. Bower,Michael Bremer,Christiaan D. Brinkerink,Roger Brissenden,Silke Britzen,Avery E. Broderick,Avery E. Broderick,Dominique Broguiere,Thomas Bronzwaer,Do-Young Byun,John E. Carlstrom,Andrew Chael,Chi-kwan Chan,Shami Chatterjee,Koushik Chatterjee,Ming-Tang Chen,Yi Chen,Yi Chen,Ilje Cho,Pierre Christian,Pierre Christian,John Conway,James M. Cordes,Geoffrey B. Crew,Yuzhu Cui,Yuzhu Cui,Jordy Davelaar,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Roger Deane,Roger Deane,Jessica Dempsey,Gregory Desvignes,Jason Dexter,Sheperd S. Doeleman,R. P. Eatough,Heino Falcke,Vincent L. Fish,Ed Fomalont,Raquel Fraga-Encinas,William T. Freeman,Per Friberg,Christian M. Fromm,José L. Gómez,Peter Galison,Charles F. Gammie,Roberto Garcia,Olivier Gentaz,Boris Georgiev,Ciriaco Goddi,Ciriaco Goddi,Roman Gold,Minfeng Gu,Minfeng Gu,Mark Gurwell,Kazuhiro Hada,Kazuhiro Hada,Michael H. Hecht,Ronald Hesper,Luis C. Ho,Paul T. P. Ho,Mareki Honma,Mareki Honma,Chih-Wei Locutus Huang,Lei Huang,Lei Huang,David H. Hughes,Shiro Ikeda,Makoto Inoue,Sara Issaoun,David J. James,Buell T. Jannuzi,Michael Janssen,Britton Jeter,Wu Jiang,Michael D. Johnson,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Taehyun Jung,Mansour Karami,Mansour Karami,Ramesh Karuppusamy,Tomohisa Kawashima,Garrett K. Keating,Mark Kettenis,Jae-Young Kim,Junhan Kim,Jongsoo Kim,Motoki Kino,Motoki Kino,Jun Yi Koay,Patrick M. Koch,Shoko Koyama,Michael Kramer,Carsten Kramer,Thomas P. Krichbaum,C. Y. Kuo,Tod R. Lauer,Sang-Sung Lee,Yan-Rong Li,Zhiyuan Li,Michael Lindqvist,Kuo Liu,Elisabetta Liuzzo,Wen Ping Lo,Wen Ping Lo,Andrei P. Lobanov,Laurent Loinard,Colin J. Lonsdale,Ru-Sen Lu,Ru-Sen Lu,Nicholas R. MacDonald,Jirong Mao,Sera Markoff,Daniel P. Marrone,Alan P. Marscher,Ivan Marti-Vidal,Satoki Matsushita,Lynn D. Matthews,Lia Medeiros,Lia Medeiros,Karl M. Menten,Yosuke Mizuno,Izumi Mizuno,James M. Moran,Kotaro Moriyama,Kotaro Moriyama,Monika Moscibrodzka,Cornelia Müller,Cornelia Müller,Hiroshi Nagai,Hiroshi Nagai,Neil M. Nagar,Masanori Nakamura,Ramesh Narayan,Gopal Narayanan,Iniyan Natarajan,Roberto Neri,Chunchong Ni,Aristeidis Noutsos,Hiroki Okino,Hiroki Okino,Hector Olivares,Tomoaki Oyama,Feryal Özel,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,Nimesh A. Patel,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Dominic W. Pesce,Vincent Piétu,Richard L. Plambeck,Aleksandar Popstefanija,Oliver Porth,Oliver Porth,Ben Prather,Jorge A. Preciado-López,Dimitrios Psaltis,Hung Yi Pu,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,Ramprasad Rao,Mark G. Rawlings,Alexander W. Raymond,Luciano Rezzolla,Bart Ripperda,Freek Roelofs,Alan E. E. Rogers,Eduardo Ros,Mel Rose,Arash Roshanineshat,Helge Rottmann,Alan L. Roy,Chet Ruszczyk,Benjamin R. Ryan,Kazi L.J. Rygl,S. Sánchez,David Sánchez-Arguelles,David Sánchez-Arguelles,Mahito Sasada,Mahito Sasada,Tuomas Savolainen,Tuomas Savolainen,F. Peter Schloerb,Karl Friedrich Schuster,Lijing Shao,Lijing Shao,Zhiqiang Shen,Zhiqiang Shen,Des Small,Bong Won Sohn,Bong Won Sohn,Jason SooHoo,Fumie Tazaki,Paul Tiede,Paul Tiede,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Michael Titus,Kenji Toma,Pablo Torne,Tyler Trent,Sascha Trippe,Shuichiro Tsuda,Ilse van Bemmel,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Daniel R. van Rossum,Jan Wagner,John Wardle,Jonathan Weintroub,Norbert Wex,Robert Wharton,Maciek Wielgus,George N. Wong,Qingwen Wu,André Young,Ken H. Young,Ziri Younsi,Ziri Younsi,Feng Yuan,Feng Yuan,Ye-Fei Yuan,J. Anton Zensus,Guang-Yao Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Ziyan Zhu,Joseph R. Farah,Joseph R. Farah,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,Daniel Michalik,A. Nadolski,Hiroaki Nishioka,Nicolas Pradel,Rurik A. Primiani,Kamal Souccar,Laura Vertatschitsch,Paul Yamaguchi +254 more
TLDR
In this article, the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87 were presented, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength, showing a prominent ring with a diameter of ~40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole.Abstract:
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ~40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Silhouette of M87*: A new window to peek into the world of hidden dimensions
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explicitly demonstrate the consequences of this observation on brane world black holes, characterized by existence of a negative tidal charge, possibly marking a deviation from general relativity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Magnetically charged black holes from non-linear electrodynamics and the Event Horizon Telescope
TL;DR: In this article, the shadows of two well-studied and well-motivated non-linear electrodynamics (NLED) models coupled to General Relativity (GRL) were determined.
Journal ArticleDOI
Universal interferometric signatures of a black hole’s photon ring
Michael D. Johnson,Michael D. Johnson,Alexandru Lupsasca,Andrew Strominger,George N. Wong,George N. Wong,Shahar Hadar,Daniel Kapec,Ramesh Narayan,Ramesh Narayan,Andrew Chael,Charles F. Gammie,Peter Galison,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,Sheperd S. Doeleman,Sheperd S. Doeleman,Lindy Blackburn,Lindy Blackburn,Maciek Wielgus,Maciek Wielgus,Dominic W. Pesce,Dominic W. Pesce,Joseph R. Farah,Joseph R. Farah,Joseph R. Farah,James M. Moran +26 more
TL;DR: In this article, the Event Horizon Telescope image of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87 is dominated by a bright unresolved ring, which is composed of an infinite sequence of self-similar subrings that are indexed by the number of photon orbits around the black hole.
Journal ArticleDOI
First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration,Kazunori Akiyama,A. Alberti,Walter Alef,Juan-Carlos Algaba,Richard Anantua,Keiichi Asada,Rebecca Azulay,Uwe Bach,A-K. Baczko,David Ball,Mislav Baloković,John E. Barrett,M. Bauböck,Bradford Benson,Dan Bintley,Lindy Blackburn,Ray Blundell,Katherine L. Bouman,Geoffrey C. Bower,Hope Boyce,Michael Kremer,Christiaan D. Brinkerink,Roger Brissenden,Silke Britzen,Avery E. Broderick,Dominique Broguiere,Thomas Bronzwaer,Sandra Bustamante,Do-Young Byun,John E. Carlstrom,Chiara Ceccobello,Andrew Chael,Chi-kwan Chan,Koushik Chatterjee,Shami Chatterjee,Ming-Tang Chen,Y. Chen 陈,Xiaopeng Cheng,Ilje Cho,Pierre Christian,Nicholas S. Conroy,John Conway,James M. Cordes,T. M. Crawford,Geoffrey B. Crew,Alejandro Cruz-Osorio,Y. Cui 崔,Jordy Davelaar,M. De Laurentis,Roger Deane,Jessica Dempsey,Gregory Desvignes,Jason Dexter,Vedant Dhruv,Sheperd S. Doeleman,Shawn M. Dougal,Sergio A. Dzib,R. P. Eatough,Razieh Emami,Heino Falcke,Joseph R. Farah,Vincent L. Fish,Ed Fomalont,H. A. Ford,Raquel Fraga-Encinas,William T. Freeman,Per Friberg,Christian M. Fromm,Antonio Fuentes,Peter Galison,Charles F. Gammie,R. García,Olivier Gentaz,Boris Georgiev,Ciriaco Goddi,Roman Gold,Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,J. A. Gomez,M. Gu 顾,Mark Gurwell,Kazuhiro Hada,Daryl Haggard,Kari Haworth,Michael Pecht,Ronald Hesper,D. Heumann,L. Ho 何,Paul T. P. Ho,Mareki Honma,Chih-Wei Locutus Huang,L. Huang 黄,David H. Hughes,Shiro Ikeda,Caterina M. V. Impellizzeri,Makoto Inoue,Sara Issaoun,David J. James,Buell T. Jannuzi,Michael Janssen,Britton Jeter,Wu 悟 Jiang 江,A. Jiménez-Rosales,Michael D. Johnson,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Abhishek V. Joshi,Taehyun Jung,Mansour Karami,Ramesh Karuppusamy,Tomohisa Kawashima,Garrett K. Keating,Mark Kettenis,Dong-Jin Kim,Jae-Young Kim,Jongsoo Kim,Junhan Kim,Motoki Kino,Jun Yi Koay,Prashant Kocherlakota,Yutaro Kofuji,Patrick M. Koch,Shoko Koyama,Carsten Kramer,Michael Kramer,Thomas P. Krichbaum,C. Y. Kuo,N Bella,Tod R. Lauer,Daeyoung Lee,Sang-Sung Lee,Po Kin Leung,Aviad Levis,Z. Li 李,Rocco Lico,Greg Lindahl,Michael Lindqvist,Mikhail M. Lisakov,J. Liu 刘,Kuo Liu,Elisabetta Liuzzo,W. Lo,Andrei Lobanov,Laurent Loinard,C. Lonsdale,R. Lu 路,J. Mao 毛,Nicola Marchili,Sera Markoff,Daniel P. Marrone,Alan P. Marscher,Ivan Marti-Vidal,Satoki Matsushita,Lynn D. Matthews,Lia Medeiros,Karl M. Menten,Daniel Michalik,Izumi Mizuno,Yosuke Mizuno,James M. Moran,Kotaro Moriyama,Monika Moscibrodzka,Cornelia Müller,Alejandro Mus,Gibwa Musoke,Ioannis Myserlis,A. Nadolski,Hiroshi Nagai,Neil M. Nagar,Masanori Nakamura,Ramesh Narayan,Gopal Narayanan,Iniyan Natarajan,Antonios Nathanail,Santiago Navarro Fuentes,Joseph Neilsen,R. Neri,Chunchong Ni,A. Noutsos,Michael A. Nowak,Junghwan Oh,Hiroki Okino,Hector Olivares,Gisela N. Ortiz-León,Tomoaki Oyama,Feryal Özel,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,G. F. Paraschos,Jong-Ho Park,Harriet Parsons,Nimesh A. Patel,Ue Li Pen,Dominic W. Pesce,Vincent Piétu,Richard L. Plambeck,Aleksandar Popstefanija,Oliver Porth,Felix M. Pötzl,Ben Prather,Jorge A. Preciado-López,Dimitrios Psaltis,Hung-Yi Pu,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,Ramprasad Rao,Mark G. Rawlings,Alexander W. Raymond,Luciano Rezzolla,Angelo Ricarte,Bart Ripperda,Freek Roelofs,Alan E. E. Rogers,E. Ros,C. Romero-Canizales,Arash Roshanineshat,Helge Rottmann,Alan L. Roy,Ignacio Ruiz,Chet Ruszczyk,Kazi L.J. Rygl,S. Sánchez,D. Sánchez-Argüelles,M. Sánchez-Portal,Mahito Sasada,Kaushik Satapathy,Tuomas Savolainen,F. Peter Schloerb,Jonathan F. Schonfeld,Karl Schuster,Lijing Shao,Z. Shen 沈,Des Small,Bong Won Sohn,Jason SooHoo,Kamal Souccar,H. Sun 孙,Fumie Tazaki,Alexandra J. Tetarenko,Paul Tiede,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Michael Titus,Pablo Torne,Efthalia Traianou,Tyler Trent,Sascha Trippe,Matthew Turk,I. van Bemmel,H. J. van Langevelde,Daniel R. van Rossum,J. Vos,Jan Wagner,Derek Ward-Thompson,John F. C. Wardle,Jonathan Weintroub,Norbert Wex,Robert Wharton,Maciek Wielgus,Kaj Wiik,Gunther Witzel,Michael F. Wondrak,George N. Wong,Q. Wu 吴,Paul Yamaguchi,Doosoo Yoon,André Young,Ken H. Young,Ziri Younsi,F. Yuan 袁,Y. Yuan 袁,J. A. Zensus,Shuo Zhang,Guang-Yao Zhao,Shan-Shan 杉杉 Zhao 赵 +270 more
TL;DR: In this article , the authors presented the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm.
Journal ArticleDOI
First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration,Kazunori Akiyama,A. Alberti,Walter Alef,Juan-Carlos Algaba,Richard Anantua,Keiichi Asada,Rebecca Azulay,Uwe Bach,A-K. Baczko,David Ball,Mislav Baloković,John E. Barrett,M. Bauböck,Bradford Benson,Dan Bintley,Lindy Blackburn,Ray Blundell,Katherine L. Bouman,Geoffrey C. Bower,Hope Boyce,Michael Kremer,Christiaan D. Brinkerink,Roger Brissenden,Silke Britzen,Avery E. Broderick,Dominique Broguiere,Thomas Bronzwaer,Sandra Bustamante,Do-Young Byun,John E. Carlstrom,Chiara Ceccobello,Andrew Chael,Chi-kwan Chan,Koushik Chatterjee,Shami Chatterjee,Ming-Tang Chen,Y. Chen 陈,Xiaopeng Cheng,Ilje Cho,Pierre Christian,Nicholas S. Conroy,John Conway,James M. Cordes,T. M. Crawford,Geoffrey B. Crew,Alejandro Cruz-Osorio,Y. Cui 崔,Jordy Davelaar,M. De Laurentis,Roger Deane,Jessica Dempsey,Gregory Desvignes,Jason Dexter,Vedant Dhruv,Sheperd S. Doeleman,Shawn M. Dougal,Sergio A. Dzib,R. P. Eatough,Razieh Emami,Heino Falcke,Joseph R. Farah,Vincent L. Fish,Ed Fomalont,H. A. Ford,Raquel Fraga-Encinas,William T. Freeman,Per Friberg,Christian M. Fromm,Antonio Fuentes,Peter Galison,Charles F. Gammie,R. García,Olivier Gentaz,Boris Georgiev,Ciriaco Goddi,Roman Gold,Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,J. A. Gomez,M. Gu 顾,Mark Gurwell,Kazuhiro Hada,Daryl Haggard,Kari Haworth,Michael Pecht,Ronald Hesper,D. Heumann,L. Ho 何,Paul T. P. Ho,Mareki Honma,Chih-Wei Locutus Huang,L. Huang 黄,David H. Hughes,Shiro Ikeda,Caterina M. V. Impellizzeri,Makoto Inoue,Sara Issaoun,David J. James,Buell T. Jannuzi,Michael Janssen,Britton Jeter,Wu 悟 Jiang 江,A. Jiménez-Rosales,Michael D. Johnson,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Abhishek V. Joshi,Taehyun Jung,Mansour Karami,Ramesh Karuppusamy,Tomohisa Kawashima,Garrett K. Keating,Mark Kettenis,Dong-Jin Kim,Jae-Young Kim,Jongsoo Kim,Junhan Kim,Motoki Kino,Jun Yi Koay,Prashant Kocherlakota,Yutaro Kofuji,Patrick M. Koch,Shoko Koyama,Carsten Kramer,Michael Kramer,Thomas P. Krichbaum,C. Y. Kuo,N Bella,Tod R. Lauer,Daeyoung Lee,Sang-Sung Lee,Po Kin Leung,Aviad Levis,Z. Li 李,Rocco Lico,Greg Lindahl,Michael Lindqvist,Mikhail M. Lisakov,J. Liu 刘,Kuo Liu,Elisabetta Liuzzo,W. Lo,Andrei Lobanov,Laurent Loinard,C. Lonsdale,R. Lu 路,J. Mao 毛,Nicola Marchili,Sera Markoff,Daniel P. Marrone,Alan P. Marscher,Ivan Marti-Vidal,Satoki Matsushita,Lynn D. Matthews,Lia Medeiros,Karl M. Menten,Daniel Michalik,Izumi Mizuno,Yosuke Mizuno,James M. Moran,Kotaro Moriyama,Monika Moscibrodzka,Cornelia Müller,Alejandro Mus,Gibwa Musoke,Ioannis Myserlis,A. Nadolski,Hiroshi Nagai,Neil M. Nagar,Masanori Nakamura,Ramesh Narayan,Gopal Narayanan,Iniyan Natarajan,Antonios Nathanail,Santiago Navarro Fuentes,Joseph Neilsen,R. Neri,Chunchong Ni,A. Noutsos,Michael A. Nowak,Junghwan Oh,Hiroki Okino,Hector Olivares,Gisela N. Ortiz-León,Tomoaki Oyama,Feryal Özel,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,G. F. Paraschos,Jong-Ho Park,Harriet Parsons,Nimesh A. Patel,Ue Li Pen,Dominic W. Pesce,Vincent Piétu,Richard L. Plambeck,Aleksandar Popstefanija,Oliver Porth,Felix M. Pötzl,Ben Prather,Jorge A. Preciado-López,Dimitrios Psaltis,Hung-Yi Pu,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,Ramprasad Rao,Mark G. Rawlings,Alexander W. Raymond,Luciano Rezzolla,Angelo Ricarte,Bart Ripperda,Freek Roelofs,Alan E. E. Rogers,E. Ros,C. Romero-Canizales,Arash Roshanineshat,Helge Rottmann,Alan L. Roy,Ignacio Ruiz,Chet Ruszczyk,Kazi L.J. Rygl,S. Sánchez,D. Sánchez-Argüelles,M. Sánchez-Portal,Mahito Sasada,Kaushik Satapathy,Tuomas Savolainen,F. Peter Schloerb,Jonathan F. Schonfeld,Karl Schuster,Lijing Shao,Z. Shen 沈,Des Small,Bong Won Sohn,Jason SooHoo,Kamal Souccar,H. Sun 孙,Fumie Tazaki,Alexandra J. Tetarenko,Paul Tiede,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Michael Titus,Pablo Torne,Efthalia Traianou,Tyler Trent,Sascha Trippe,Matthew Turk,I. van Bemmel,H. J. van Langevelde,Daniel R. van Rossum,J. Vos,Jan Wagner,Derek Ward-Thompson,John F. C. Wardle,Jonathan Weintroub,Norbert Wex,Robert Wharton,Maciek Wielgus,Kaj Wiik,Gunther Witzel,Michael F. Wondrak,George N. Wong,Q. Wu 吴,Paul Yamaguchi,Doosoo Yoon,André Young,Ken H. Young,Ziri Younsi,F. Yuan 袁,Y. Yuan 袁,J. A. Zensus,Shuo Zhang,Guang-Yao Zhao,Shan-Shan 杉杉 Zhao 赵,C. Agurto,Juan-Pablo Araneda,O. Arriagada,Alessandra Bertarini,Ryan Berthold,J. Blanchard,Kent Masterson Brown,Mauricio Ruiz Cárdenas,Michael Cantzler,P.E. Caro,Timothy C. Chuter,M. Ciechanowicz,Iain Coulson,Joseph Crowley,Nathalie Degenaar,Sven Dornbusch,C. Duran,Karl Forster,Gertie Geertsema,E. Gonzalez,Dave Graham,Frederic Gueth,Chi-Chiang Han,C. Herrera,Rubén Herrero-Illana,Stefan Heyminck,James Hoge,Yau De Huang,Homin Jiang,D. John,T. Klein,Derek Kubo,John Kuroda,Caleb Kwon,Robert Laing,Ching Tang Liu,Kuan-Yu Liu,F. Mac-Auliffe,Pierre Martin-Cocher,Callie Matulonis,Hugo Messias,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,F. M. Montenegro-Montes,William Montgomerie,Dirk Muders,Hiroaki Nishioka,Timothy Norton,Rodrigo Olivares,J. P. Pérez-Beaupuits,Rodrigo Parra,M. Poirier,Nicolas Pradel,Philippe Raffin,Jorge Antonio Vélez Ramírez,P. T. Reynolds,Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain,J. Santana,Kevin Silva,Don Sousa,William Stahm,K. Torstensson,P. Venegas,Craig Walther,G. Wieching,Rudy Wijnands,J. G. A. Wouterloot +336 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5-11 campaign.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Handbook of Mathematical Functions
Book
Radiative processes in astrophysics
TL;DR: Inverse square law for a uniformly bright sphere as discussed by the authors is used to define specific intensity and its moments, which is defined as the specific intensity or brightness of a sphere in terms of specific intensity.
Journal ArticleDOI
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
Kazunori Akiyama,Antxon Alberdi,Walter Alef,Keiichi Asada,Rebecca Azulay,Rebecca Azulay,Anne Kathrin Baczko,David Ball,Mislav Baloković,John E. Barrett,Dan Bintley,Lindy Blackburn,W. Boland,Katherine L. Bouman,Katherine L. Bouman,Geoffrey C. Bower,Michael Bremer,Christiaan D. Brinkerink,Roger Brissenden,Silke Britzen,Avery E. Broderick,Avery E. Broderick,Dominique Broguiere,Thomas Bronzwaer,Do-Young Byun,John E. Carlstrom,Andrew Chael,Chi-kwan Chan,Shami Chatterjee,Koushik Chatterjee,Ming-Tang Chen,Yi Chen,Yi Chen,Ilje Cho,Pierre Christian,Pierre Christian,John Conway,James M. Cordes,Geoffrey B. Crew,Yuzhu Cui,Yuzhu Cui,Jordy Davelaar,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Roger Deane,Roger Deane,Jessica Dempsey,Gregory Desvignes,Jason Dexter,Sheperd S. Doeleman,R. P. Eatough,Heino Falcke,Vincent L. Fish,Ed Fomalont,Raquel Fraga-Encinas,William T. Freeman,Per Friberg,Christian M. Fromm,José L. Gómez,Peter Galison,Charles F. Gammie,Roberto Garcia,Olivier Gentaz,Boris Georgiev,Ciriaco Goddi,Ciriaco Goddi,Roman Gold,Minfeng Gu,Minfeng Gu,Mark Gurwell,Kazuhiro Hada,Kazuhiro Hada,Michael H. Hecht,Ronald Hesper,Luis C. Ho,Paul T. P. Ho,Mareki Honma,Mareki Honma,Chih-Wei Locutus Huang,Lei Huang,Lei Huang,David H. Hughes,Shiro Ikeda,Makoto Inoue,Sara Issaoun,David J. James,Buell T. Jannuzi,Michael Janssen,Britton Jeter,Wu Jiang,Michael D. Johnson,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Taehyun Jung,Mansour Karami,Mansour Karami,Ramesh Karuppusamy,Tomohisa Kawashima,Garrett K. Keating,Mark Kettenis,Jae-Young Kim,Junhan Kim,Jongsoo Kim,Motoki Kino,Motoki Kino,Jun Yi Koay,Patrick M. Koch,Shoko Koyama,Michael Kramer,Carsten Kramer,Thomas P. Krichbaum,C. Y. Kuo,Tod R. Lauer,Sang-Sung Lee,Yan-Rong Li,Zhiyuan Li,Michael Lindqvist,Kuo Liu,Elisabetta Liuzzo,Wen Ping Lo,Wen Ping Lo,Andrei P. Lobanov,Laurent Loinard,Colin J. Lonsdale,Ru-Sen Lu,Ru-Sen Lu,Nicholas R. MacDonald,Jirong Mao,Sera Markoff,Daniel P. Marrone,Alan P. Marscher,Ivan Marti-Vidal,Satoki Matsushita,Lynn D. Matthews,Lia Medeiros,Lia Medeiros,Karl M. Menten,Yosuke Mizuno,Izumi Mizuno,James M. Moran,Kotaro Moriyama,Kotaro Moriyama,Monika Moscibrodzka,Cornelia Müller,Cornelia Müller,Hiroshi Nagai,Hiroshi Nagai,Neil M. Nagar,Masanori Nakamura,Ramesh Narayan,Gopal Narayanan,Iniyan Natarajan,Roberto Neri,Chunchong Ni,Aristeidis Noutsos,Hiroki Okino,Hiroki Okino,Hector Olivares,Gisela N. Ortiz-León,Tomoaki Oyama,Feryal Özel,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,Nimesh A. Patel,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Dominic W. Pesce,Vincent Piétu,Richard L. Plambeck,Aleksandar Popstefanija,Oliver Porth,Oliver Porth,Ben Prather,Jorge A. Preciado-López,Dimitrios Psaltis,Hung Yi Pu,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,Ramprasad Rao,Mark G. Rawlings,Alexander W. Raymond,Luciano Rezzolla,Bart Ripperda,Freek Roelofs,Alan E. E. Rogers,Eduardo Ros,Mel Rose,Arash Roshanineshat,Helge Rottmann,Alan L. Roy,Chet Ruszczyk,Benjamin R. Ryan,Kazi L.J. Rygl,S. Sánchez,David Sánchez-Arguelles,David Sánchez-Arguelles,Mahito Sasada,Mahito Sasada,Tuomas Savolainen,Tuomas Savolainen,F. Peter Schloerb,Karl Friedrich Schuster,Lijing Shao,Lijing Shao,Zhiqiang Shen,Zhiqiang Shen,Des Small,Bong Won Sohn,Bong Won Sohn,Jason SooHoo,Fumie Tazaki,Paul Tiede,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Michael Titus,Kenji Toma,Pablo Torne,Tyler Trent,Sascha Trippe,Shuichiro Tsuda,Ilse van Bemmel,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Daniel R. van Rossum,Jan Wagner,John Wardle,Jonathan Weintroub,Norbert Wex,Robert Wharton,Maciek Wielgus,George N. Wong,Qingwen Wu,Ken H. Young,André Young,Ziri Younsi,Ziri Younsi,Feng Yuan,Feng Yuan,Ye-Fei Yuan,J. Anton Zensus,Guang-Yao Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Ziyan Zhu,Juan-Carlos Algaba,Juan-Carlos Algaba,Alexander Allardi,Rodrigo Amestica,Jadyn Anczarski,Uwe Bach,Frederick K. Baganoff,Christopher Beaudoin,Bradford Benson,Ryan Berthold,J. Blanchard,J. Blanchard,Ray Blundell,Sandra Bustamente,Roger J. Cappallo,E. Castillo-Domínguez,E. Castillo-Domínguez,Chih Cheng Chang,Chih Cheng Chang,Shu Hao Chang,Song Chu Chang,Chung Chen Chen,Ryan Chilson,Timothy C. Chuter,Rodrigo Córdova Rosado,Iain Coulson,T. M. Crawford,Joseph Crowley,John David,Mark Derome,Matthew R. Dexter,Sven Dornbusch,Kevin A. Dudevoir,S. A. Dzib,Andreas Eckart,Andreas Eckart,Chris Eckert,Neal R. Erickson,W. B. Everett,Aaron Faber,Joseph R. Farah,Joseph R. Farah,Vernon Fath,Thomas W. Folkers,David C. Forbes,Robert Freund,Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,David M. Gale,Feng Gao,Feng Gao,Gertie Geertsema,D. A. Graham,Christopher Greer,Ronald Grosslein,Frederic Gueth,Daryl Haggard,Daryl Haggard,N. W. Halverson,Chih Chiang Han,Kuo Chang Han,Jinchi Hao,Yutaka Hasegawa,Jason W. Henning,Jason W. Henning,Antonio Hernández-Gómez,Antonio Hernández-Gómez,Rubén Herrero-Illana,Stefan Heyminck,Akihiko Hirota,Akihiko Hirota,James Hoge,Yau De Huang,C. M. Violette Impellizzeri,C. M. 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Smith,William Snow,Kamal Souccar,Don Sousa,Tirupati K. Sridharan,Ranjani Srinivasan,William Stahm,A. A. Stark,K. T. Story,Sjoerd T. Timmer,Laura Vertatschitsch,Craig Walther,Ta Shun Wei,Nathan Whitehorn,Alan R. Whitney,David P. Woody,J. G. A. Wouterloot,M. C. H. Wright,Paul Yamaguchi,Chen Yu Yu,M. Zeballos,M. Zeballos,Shuo Zhang,Lucy M. Ziurys +406 more
TL;DR: In this article, the Event Horizon Telescope was used to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87.
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Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of interferometry and synthesis imaging analysis of the Interferometer Response Geometric Relationships and Polarimetry Antennas and Arrays Response of the receiving system Design of the Analog Receiving System Digital Signal Processing Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Calibration and Fourier Transformation of Visibility Data Deconvolution, Adaptive Calibrration, and Applications Interferometers Techniques for Astrometry and Geodesy Propagation Effects Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem, Spatial Coherence, and
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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
Kazunori Akiyama,Antxon Alberdi,Walter Alef,Keiichi Asada,Rebecca Azulay,Rebecca Azulay,Anne Kathrin Baczko,David Ball,Mislav Baloković,John E. Barrett,Dan Bintley,Lindy Blackburn,W. Boland,Katherine L. Bouman,Katherine L. Bouman,Geoffrey C. Bower,Michael Bremer,Christiaan D. Brinkerink,Roger Brissenden,Silke Britzen,Avery E. Broderick,Avery E. Broderick,Dominique Broguiere,Thomas Bronzwaer,Do-Young Byun,John E. Carlstrom,Andrew Chael,Chi-kwan Chan,Shami Chatterjee,Koushik Chatterjee,Ming-Tang Chen,Yi Chen,Yi Chen,Ilje Cho,Pierre Christian,Pierre Christian,John Conway,James M. Cordes,Geoffrey B. Crew,Yuzhu Cui,Yuzhu Cui,Jordy Davelaar,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Roger Deane,Roger Deane,Jessica Dempsey,Gregory Desvignes,Jason Dexter,Sheperd S. Doeleman,R. P. Eatough,Heino Falcke,Vincent L. Fish,Ed Fomalont,Raquel Fraga-Encinas,Per Friberg,Christian M. Fromm,José L. Gómez,Peter Galison,Charles F. Gammie,Roberto Garcia,Olivier Gentaz,Boris Georgiev,Ciriaco Goddi,Ciriaco Goddi,Roman Gold,Minfeng Gu,Minfeng Gu,Mark Gurwell,Kazuhiro Hada,Kazuhiro Hada,Michael H. Hecht,Ronald Hesper,Luis C. Ho,Paul T. P. Ho,Mareki Honma,Mareki Honma,Chih-Wei Locutus Huang,Lei Huang,Lei Huang,David H. Hughes,Shiro Ikeda,Makoto Inoue,Sara Issaoun,David J. James,Buell T. Jannuzi,Michael Janssen,Britton Jeter,Wu Jiang,Michael D. Johnson,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Taehyun Jung,Mansour Karami,Mansour Karami,Ramesh Karuppusamy,Tomohisa Kawashima,Garrett K. Keating,Mark Kettenis,Jae-Young Kim,Junhan Kim,Jongsoo Kim,Motoki Kino,Motoki Kino,Jun Yi Koay,Patrick M. Koch,Shoko Koyama,Michael Kramer,Carsten Kramer,Thomas P. Krichbaum,C. Y. Kuo,Tod R. Lauer,Sang-Sung Lee,Yan-Rong Li,Zhiyuan Li,Michael Lindqvist,Kuo Liu,Elisabetta Liuzzo,Wen Ping Lo,Wen Ping Lo,Andrei P. Lobanov,Laurent Loinard,Colin J. Lonsdale,Ru-Sen Lu,Ru-Sen Lu,Nicholas R. MacDonald,Jirong Mao,Sera Markoff,Daniel P. Marrone,Alan P. Marscher,Ivan Marti-Vidal,Satoki Matsushita,Lynn D. Matthews,Lia Medeiros,Lia Medeiros,Karl M. Menten,Yosuke Mizuno,Izumi Mizuno,James M. Moran,Kotaro Moriyama,Kotaro Moriyama,Monika Moscibrodzka,Cornelia Müller,Cornelia Müller,Hiroshi Nagai,Hiroshi Nagai,Neil M. Nagar,Masanori Nakamura,Ramesh Narayan,Gopal Narayanan,Iniyan Natarajan,Roberto Neri,Chunchong Ni,Aristeidis Noutsos,Hiroki Okino,Hiroki Okino,Hector Olivares,Gisela N. Ortiz-León,Tomoaki Oyama,Feryal Özel,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,Nimesh A. Patel,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Dominic W. Pesce,Vincent Piétu,Richard L. Plambeck,Aleksandar Popstefanija,Oliver Porth,Oliver Porth,Ben Prather,Jorge A. Preciado-López,Dimitrios Psaltis,Hung Yi Pu,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,Ramprasad Rao,Mark G. Rawlings,Alexander W. Raymond,Luciano Rezzolla,Bart Ripperda,Freek Roelofs,Alan E. E. Rogers,Eduardo Ros,Mel Rose,Arash Roshanineshat,Helge Rottmann,Alan L. Roy,Chet Ruszczyk,Benjamin R. Ryan,Kazi L.J. Rygl,S. Sánchez,David Sánchez-Arguelles,David Sánchez-Arguelles,Mahito Sasada,Mahito Sasada,Tuomas Savolainen,Tuomas Savolainen,F. Peter Schloerb,Karl Friedrich Schuster,Lijing Shao,Lijing Shao,Zhiqiang Shen,Zhiqiang Shen,Des Small,Bong Won Sohn,Bong Won Sohn,Jason SooHoo,Fumie Tazaki,Paul Tiede,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Michael Titus,Kenji Toma,Pablo Torne,Tyler Trent,Sascha Trippe,Shuichiro Tsuda,Ilse van Bemmel,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Daniel R. van Rossum,Jan Wagner,John Wardle,Jonathan Weintroub,Norbert Wex,Robert Wharton,Maciek Wielgus,George N. Wong,Qingwen Wu,André Young,Ken H. Young,Ziri Younsi,Ziri Younsi,Feng Yuan,Feng Yuan,Ye-Fei Yuan,J. Anton Zensus,Guang-Yao Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Ziyan Zhu,Juan-Carlos Algaba,Juan-Carlos Algaba,Alexander Allardi,Rodrigo Amestica,Uwe Bach,Christopher Beaudoin,Bradford Benson,Ryan Berthold,J. Blanchard,J. Blanchard,Ray Blundell,Sandra Bustamente,Roger J. Cappallo,E. Castillo-Domínguez,E. Castillo-Domínguez,Chih Cheng Chang,Chih Cheng Chang,Shu Hao Chang,Song Chu Chang,Chung Chen Chen,Ryan Chilson,Timothy C. Chuter,Rodrigo Córdova Rosado,Iain Coulson,T. M. Crawford,Joseph Crowley,John David,Mark Derome,Matthew R. Dexter,Sven Dornbusch,Kevin A. Dudevoir,S. A. Dzib,Chris Eckert,Neal R. Erickson,W. B. Everett,Aaron Faber,Joseph R. Farah,Joseph R. Farah,Vernon Fath,Thomas W. Folkers,David C. Forbes,Robert Freund,Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,David M. Gale,Feng Gao,Feng Gao,Gertie Geertsema,D. A. Graham,Christopher Greer,Ronald Grosslein,Frederic Gueth,N. W. Halverson,Chih Chiang Han,Kuo Chang Han,Jinchi Hao,Yutaka Hasegawa,Jason W. Henning,Jason W. Henning,Antonio Hernández-Gómez,Antonio Hernández-Gómez,Rubén Herrero-Illana,Stefan Heyminck,Akihiko Hirota,Akihiko Hirota,James Hoge,Yau De Huang,C. M.Violette Impellizzeri,C. M.Violette Impellizzeri,Homin Jiang,Atish Kamble,Ryan Keisler,Kimihiro Kimura,Yusuke Kono,Derek Kubo,John Kuroda,Richard Lacasse,R. Laing,Erik M. Leitch,Chao-Te Li,Lupin C.C. Lin,Lupin C.C. Lin,Ching Tang Liu,Kuan Yu Liu,Li Ming Lu,Ralph G. Marson,Pierre Martin-Cocher,Kyle D. Massingill,Callie Matulonis,Martin P. McColl,Stephen R. McWhirter,Hugo Messias,Hugo Messias,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,Daniel Michalik,A. Montaña,A. Montaña,William Montgomerie,M. Mora-Klein,Dirk Muders,A. Nadolski,S. Navarro,Chi H. Nguyen,Chi H. Nguyen,Hiroaki Nishioka,Timothy Norton,George Nystrom,Hideo Ogawa,Peter Oshiro,Stephen Padin,Harriet Parsons,Scott Paine,J. Peñalver,N. Phillips,N. Phillips,M. Poirier,Nicolas Pradel,Rurik A. Primiani,Philippe Raffin,Alexandra S. Rahlin,Alexandra S. Rahlin,George Reiland,Christopher Risacher,Ignacio Ruiz,Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain,Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain,Remi Sassella,Pim Schellart,Pim Schellart,Paul Shaw,Kevin M. Silva,Hotaka Shiokawa,David R. Smith,William Snow,Kamal Souccar,Don Sousa,T. K. Sridharan,Ranjani Srinivasan,William Stahm,Antony A. Stark,K. T. Story,Sjoerd T. Timmer,Laura Vertatschitsch,Craig Walther,Ta Shun Wei,Nathan Whitehorn,Alan R. Whitney,David P. Woody,J. G. A. Wouterloot,M. C. H. Wright,Paul Yamaguchi,Chen Yu Yu,M. Zeballos,M. Zeballos,Lucy M. Ziurys +397 more
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
Kazunori Akiyama,Antxon Alberdi,Walter Alef,Keiichi Asada,Rebecca Azulay,Rebecca Azulay,Anne Kathrin Baczko,David Ball,Mislav Baloković,John E. Barrett,Dan Bintley,Lindy Blackburn,W. Boland,Katherine L. Bouman,Katherine L. Bouman,Geoffrey C. Bower,Michael Bremer,Christiaan D. Brinkerink,Roger Brissenden,Silke Britzen,Avery E. Broderick,Avery E. Broderick,Dominique Broguiere,Thomas Bronzwaer,Do-Young Byun,John E. Carlstrom,Andrew Chael,Chi-kwan Chan,Shami Chatterjee,Koushik Chatterjee,Ming-Tang Chen,Yi Chen,Ilje Cho,Pierre Christian,Pierre Christian,John Conway,James M. Cordes,Geoffrey B. Crew,Yuzhu Cui,Jordy Davelaar,Mariafelicia De Laurentis,Roger Deane,Roger Deane,Jessica Dempsey,Gregory Desvignes,Jason Dexter,Sheperd S. Doeleman,R. P. Eatough,Heino Falcke,Vincent L. Fish,Ed Fomalont,Raquel Fraga-Encinas,Per Friberg,Christian M. Fromm,José L. Gómez,Peter Galison,Charles F. Gammie,Roberto Garcia,Olivier Gentaz,Boris Georgiev,Ciriaco Goddi,Ciriaco Goddi,Roman Gold,Minfeng Gu,Mark Gurwell,Kazuhiro Hada,Michael H. Hecht,Ronald Hesper,Luis C. Ho,Paul T. P. Ho,Mareki Honma,Chih-Wei Locutus Huang,Lei Huang,David H. Hughes,Shiro Ikeda,Makoto Inoue,Sara Issaoun,David J. James,Buell T. Jannuzi,Michael Janssen,Britton Jeter,Wu Jiang,Michael D. Johnson,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Svetlana G. Jorstad,Taehyun Jung,Mansour Karami,Mansour Karami,Ramesh Karuppusamy,Tomohisa Kawashima,Garrett K. Keating,Mark Kettenis,Jae-Young Kim,Junhan Kim,Jongsoo Kim,Motoki Kino,Jun Yi Koay,Patrick M. Koch,Shoko Koyama,Michael Kramer,Carsten Kramer,Thomas P. Krichbaum,C. Y. Kuo,Tod R. Lauer,Sang-Sung Lee,Yan-Rong Li,Zhiyuan Li,Michael Lindqvist,Kuo Liu,Elisabetta Liuzzo,Wen Ping Lo,Wen Ping Lo,Andrei P. Lobanov,Laurent Loinard,Colin J. Lonsdale,Ru-Sen Lu,Ru-Sen Lu,Nicholas R. MacDonald,Jirong Mao,Sera Markoff,Daniel P. Marrone,Alan P. Marscher,Ivan Marti-Vidal,Satoki Matsushita,Lynn D. Matthews,Lia Medeiros,Lia Medeiros,Karl M. Menten,Yosuke Mizuno,Izumi Mizuno,James M. Moran,Kotaro Moriyama,Kotaro Moriyama,Monika Moscibrodzka,Cornelia Müller,Cornelia Müller,Hiroshi Nagai,Neil M. Nagar,Masanori Nakamura,Ramesh Narayan,Gopal Narayanan,Iniyan Natarajan,Roberto Neri,Chunchong Ni,Aristeidis Noutsos,Hiroki Okino,Hector Olivares,Gisela N. Ortiz-León,Tomoaki Oyama,Feryal Özel,Daniel C. M. Palumbo,Nimesh A. Patel,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Ue-Li Pen,Dominic W. Pesce,Vincent Piétu,Richard L. Plambeck,Aleksandar Popstefanija,Oliver Porth,Oliver Porth,Ben Prather,Jorge A. Preciado-López,Dimitrios Psaltis,Hung Yi Pu,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,Ramprasad Rao,Mark G. Rawlings,Alexander W. Raymond,Luciano Rezzolla,Bart Ripperda,Freek Roelofs,Alan E. E. Rogers,Eduardo Ros,Mel Rose,Arash Roshanineshat,Helge Rottmann,Alan L. Roy,Chet Ruszczyk,Benjamin R. Ryan,Kazi L.J. Rygl,S. Sánchez,David Sánchez-Arguelles,David Sánchez-Arguelles,Mahito Sasada,Mahito Sasada,Tuomas Savolainen,Tuomas Savolainen,F. Peter Schloerb,Karl Friedrich Schuster,Lijing Shao,Lijing Shao,Zhiqiang Shen,Des Small,Bong Won Sohn,Bong Won Sohn,Jason SooHoo,Fumie Tazaki,Paul Tiede,Paul Tiede,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Remo P. J. Tilanus,Michael Titus,Kenji Toma,Pablo Torne,Tyler Trent,Sascha Trippe,Shuichiro Tsuda,Ilse van Bemmel,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Huib Jan van Langevelde,Daniel R. van Rossum,Jan Wagner,John Wardle,Jonathan Weintroub,Norbert Wex,Robert Wharton,Maciek Wielgus,George N. Wong,Qingwen Wu,André Young,Ken H. Young,Ziri Younsi,Ziri Younsi,Feng Yuan,Ye-Fei Yuan,J. Anton Zensus,Guang-Yao Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Shan Shan Zhao,Ziyan Zhu,Roger J. Cappallo,Joseph R. Farah,Joseph R. Farah,Thomas W. Folkers,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,Zheng Meyer-Zhao,Daniel Michalik,Daniel Michalik,A. Nadolski,Hiroaki Nishioka,Nicolas Pradel,Rurik A. Primiani,Kamal Souccar,Laura Vertatschitsch,Paul Yamaguchi +246 more