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Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma

TLDR
Overall survival was longer and fewer grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred with nivolumab than with everolimus among patients with previously treated advanced renal-cell carcinoma.
Abstract
BackgroundNivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor, was associated with encouraging overall survival in uncontrolled studies involving previously treated patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma. This randomized, open-label, phase 3 study compared nivolumab with everolimus in patients with renal-cell carcinoma who had received previous treatment. MethodsA total of 821 patients with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma for which they had received previous treatment with one or two regimens of antiangiogenic therapy were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive 3 mg of nivolumab per kilogram of body weight intravenously every 2 weeks or a 10-mg everolimus tablet orally once daily. The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points included the objective response rate and safety. ResultsThe median overall survival was 25.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.8 to not estimable) with nivolumab and 19.6 months (95% CI, 17.6 to 23.1) with everolimus. The haz...

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Inflammatory CNS disease caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: status and perspectives

TL;DR: The mechanisms of action of ICIs are introduced and their adverse effects on the CNS are reviewed, highlighting the importance of early detection of these neurotoxic effects, which should be distinguished from brain metastasis.
Journal ArticleDOI

Anti-angiogenic agents - overcoming tumour endothelial cell anergy and improving immunotherapy outcomes.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe how angiogenesis-induced endothelial immune cell barrier hampers antitumour immunity and the role of endothelial cell anergy as the vascular counterpart of immune checkpoints, and provide an update on the current clinical successes achieved when these agents are combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
References
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Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

TL;DR: The GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as mentioned in this paper provides estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012.
Journal ArticleDOI

Categorical Data Analysis

Alan Agresti
- 01 May 1991 - 
TL;DR: In this article, categorical data analysis was used for categorical classification of categorical categorical datasets.Categorical Data Analysis, categorical Data analysis, CDA, CPDA, CDSA
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