Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism.
Amna Sirelkhatim,Shahrom Mahmud,Azman Seeni,Noor Haida Mohamad Kaus,Ling Chuo Ann,Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori,Habsah Hasan,Dasmawati Mohamad +7 more
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This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination,ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration.Abstract:
Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.read more
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References
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Photoinduced oxygen release and persistent photoconductivity in ZnO nanowires
TL;DR: The adsorption-desorption balance is fully recovered after the ZnO surface is exposed to air, which suggests that under UV illumination, theZnOsurface is actively "breathing" oxygen, a process that is further enhanced in nanowires by their high surface to volume ratio.
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Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared via non-hydrolytic solution route
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Influence of size scale and morphology on antibacterial properties of ZnO powders hydrothemally synthesized using different surface stabilizing agents.
TL;DR: The highest microbial cell reduction rate was recorded for the synthesized ZnO powder consisting of nanospherical particles, and in all of the examined samples, ZnNO particles demonstrated a significant bacteriostatic activity.
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Enhanced visible light photocatalysis through fast crystallization of zinc oxide nanorods.
TL;DR: Comparison of photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods and nanoparticle films on a test contaminant methylene blue with visible light irradiation at 72 kilolux showed that ZnOs are 12–24% more active than ZnNO nanoparticulate films, which can be directly attributed to the increased effective surface area for adsorption of target contaminant molecules.