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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Social Force Model for Pedestrian Dynamics

Dirk Helbing, +1 more
- 01 May 1995 - 
- Vol. 51, Iss: 5, pp 4282-4286
TLDR
Computer simulations of crowds of interacting pedestrians show that the social force model is capable of describing the self-organization of several observed collective effects of pedestrian behavior very realistically.
Abstract
It is suggested that the motion of pedestrians can be described as if they would be subject to ``social forces.'' These ``forces'' are not directly exerted by the pedestrians' personal environment, but they are a measure for the internal motivations of the individuals to perform certain actions (movements). The corresponding force concept is discussed in more detail and can also be applied to the description of other behaviors. In the presented model of pedestrian behavior several force terms are essential: first, a term describing the acceleration towards the desired velocity of motion; second, terms reflecting that a pedestrian keeps a certain distance from other pedestrians and borders; and third, a term modeling attractive effects. The resulting equations of motion of nonlinearly coupled Langevin equations. Computer simulations of crowds of interacting pedestrians show that the social force model is capable of describing the self-organization of several observed collective effects of pedestrian behavior very realistically.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

A modified social force model with different categories of pedestrians for subway station evacuation

TL;DR: The number of luggage-laden pedestrians is found to be the controllable factor that leads to an increase of the evacuation time at the evacuation bottlenecks, and solutions like warning signs at evacuation bott lenecks should be implemented.
Journal ArticleDOI

Predicting pedestrian flow: a methodology and a proof of concept based on real-life data.

TL;DR: The proposed approach significantly improves the reliability of the simulation and hence the potential prediction accuracy and the most sensitive parameters are: the source-target distribution of the pedestrian trajectories, the schedule of pedestrian appearances in the scenario and the mean free-flow velocity.
Journal ArticleDOI

Steady Beat Sound Facilitates both Coordinated Group Walking and Inter-Subject Neural Synchrony.

TL;DR: The increase of INS for walking suggested that the steady beat sound led to more harmonized inter-personal cognitive processes, which resulted in the more coordinated group motion.
Journal ArticleDOI

Parameter estimation of social forces in pedestrian dynamics models via a probabilistic method.

TL;DR: A Bayesian probabilistic method to estimate the value and the uncertainty of parameters in crowd dynamic models from the experimental data is presented and a fitness measure is introduced for the models to classify a couple of model structures according to their fitness to the experimentalData.
Journal ArticleDOI

Autonomous crowds tracking with box particle filtering and convolution particle filtering

TL;DR: The developed filters can cope with the measurement origin uncertainty in an elegant way, i.e. resolve the data association problem and are compared with the standard sequential importance resampling (SIR) PF.
References
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Book

Field theory in social science

Kurt Lewin
Book

Kinetic theory of vehicular traffic

TL;DR: A theory of multi-LANE traffic flow and the space-time evolution of thevelocity distribution of cars are examined to help understand the role of driver behaviour and strategy in this network.
Journal ArticleDOI

Improved fluid-dynamic model for vehicular traffic.

TL;DR: The fluid-dynamic traffic model of Kerner and Konh\"auser is extended by an equation for the vehicles' velocity variance, able to describe the observed increase of velocity variance immediately before a traffic jam develops.
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