Journal ArticleDOI
The contribution of species richness and composition to bacterial services
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TLDR
It is demonstrated that there is a decelerating relationship between community respiration and increasing bacterial diversity, and both synergistic interactions among bacterial species and the composition of the bacterial community are important in determining the level of ecosystem functioning.Abstract:
Despite their importance, we are only beginning to understand how mixed communities of bacteria operate. There is a good reason for this: the microbial world is remarkably complex and dynamic so it is difficult to design experiments that ask the right questions. Laboratory microcosms are useful but involve small numbers of species in unreal situations. A natural ecosystem that can be manipulated experimentally is available, however. Rainpools that form in bark-lined depressions at the base of European beech trees are communities of up to 72 species, rather than the thousands found in, say, pond water. In this rainpool ecosystem the number of bacterial species (the biodiversity) strongly influences the rate at which the community provides a particular service (in this case, respiration). On this scale at least, species richness determines the level at which an ecosystem can function. Bacterial communities provide important services. They break down pollutants, municipal waste and ingested food, and they are the primary means by which organic matter is recycled to plants and other autotrophs. However, the processes that determine the rate at which these services are supplied are only starting to be identified. Biodiversity influences the way in which ecosystems function1, but the form of the relationship between bacterial biodiversity and functioning remains poorly understood. Here we describe a manipulative experiment that measured how biodiversity affects the functioning of communities containing up to 72 bacterial species constructed from a collection of naturally occurring culturable bacteria. The experimental design allowed us to manipulate large numbers of bacterial species selected at random from those that were culturable. We demonstrate that there is a decelerating relationship between community respiration and increasing bacterial diversity. We also show that both synergistic interactions among bacterial species and the composition of the bacterial community are important in determining the level of ecosystem functioning.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Microbial biogeography : putting microorganisms on the map
Jennifer B. H. Martiny,Brendan J. M. Bohannan,James H. Brown,Robert K. Colwell,Jed A. Fuhrman,Jessica L. Green,M. Claire Horner-Devine,Matthew D. Kane,Jennifer Adams Krumins,Cheryl R. Kuske,Peter J. Morin,Shahid Naeem,Lise Øvreås,Anna-Louise Reysenbach,Val H. Smith,James T. Staley +15 more
TL;DR: Current evidence confirms that, as proposed by the Baas-Becking hypothesis, 'the environment selects' and is, in part, responsible for spatial variation in microbial diversity, but recent studies also dispute the idea that 'everything is everywhere'.
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Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services.
Patricia Balvanera,A. B. Pfisterer,Nina Buchmann,Jing Shen He,Tohru Nakashizuka,David Raffaelli,Bernhard Schmid +6 more
TL;DR: The first rigorous quantitative assessment of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem process rates through meta-analysis of experimental work spanning 50 years to June 2004 shows that biodiversity effects are weaker if biodiversity manipulations are less well controlled.
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Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities
TL;DR: It is found that the composition of most microbial groups is sensitive and not immediately resilient to disturbance, regardless of taxonomic breadth of the group or the type of disturbance, and a simple framework to incorporate microbial community composition into ecosystem process models is proposed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome
Shinichi Sunagawa,Luis Pedro Coelho,Samuel Chaffron,Jens Roat Kultima,Karine Labadie,Guillem Salazar,Bardya Djahanschiri,Georg Zeller,Daniel R. Mende,Adriana Alberti,Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo,Paul I. Costea,Corinne Cruaud,Francesco d'Ovidio,Stefan Engelen,Isabel Ferrera,Josep M. Gasol,Lionel Guidi,Falk Hildebrand,Florian Kokoszka,Cyrille Lepoivre,Gipsi Lima-Mendez,Julie Poulain,Bonnie T. Poulos,Marta Royo-Llonch,Hugo Sarmento,Sara Vieira-Silva,Céline Dimier,Marc Picheral,Sarah Searson,Stefanie Kandels-Lewis,Tara Oceans Coordinators,Chris Bowler,Colomban de Vargas,Gabriel Gorsky,Nigel Grimsley,Pascal Hingamp,Daniele Iudicone,Olivier Jaillon,Fabrice Not,Hiroyuki Ogata,Stephane Pesant,Sabrina Speich,Lars Stemmann,Matthew B. Sullivan,Jean Weissenbach,Patrick Wincker,Eric Karsenti,Jeroen Raes,Silvia G. Acinas,Peer Bork +50 more
TL;DR: This work identifies ocean microbial core functionality and reveals that >73% of its abundance is shared with the human gut microbiome despite the physicochemical differences between these two ecosystems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
TL;DR: Diversity loss has an effect as great as, or greater than, the effects of herbivory, fire, drought, nitrogen addition, elevated CO2, and other drivers of environm...
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge
D. U. Hooper,F. S. Chapin,John J. Ewel,Andy Hector,P. Inchausti,Sandra Lavorel,John H. Lawton,David M. Lodge,Michel Loreau,Shahid Naeem,Bernhard Schmid,Heikki Setälä,Amy J. Symstad,John Vandermeer,David A. Wardle,David A. Wardle +15 more
TL;DR: Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges
Michel Loreau,Shahid Naeem,Pablo Inchausti,Jan Bengtsson,J. P. Grime,Andy Hector,David U. Hooper,Michael A. Huston,Dave Raffaelli,Bernhard Schmid,David Tilman,David A. Wardle +11 more
TL;DR: Larger numbers of species are probably needed to reduce temporal variability in ecosystem processes in changing environments and to determine how biodiversity dynamics, ecosystem processes, and abiotic factors interact.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity
Marcel G. A. van der Heijden,John N. Klironomos,Margot Ursic,Peter Moutoglis,R. Streitwolf-Engel,Thomas Boller,Andres Wiemken,Ian R. Sanders +7 more
TL;DR: It is shown that below-ground diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a major factor contributing to the maintenance of plant biodiversity and to ecosystem functioning, and that microbial interactions can drive ecosystem functions such as plant biodiversity, productivity and variability.
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