Showing papers on "Ruthenium published in 2020"

Efficient Ammonia Electrosynthesis from Nitrate on Strained Ruthenium Nanoclusters

Abstract: The limitations of the Haber–Bosch reaction, particularly high-temperature operation, have ignited new interests in low-temperature ammonia-synthesis scenarios. Ambient N2 electroreduction is a com...

Ruthenium anchored on carbon nanotube electrocatalyst for hydrogen production with enhanced Faradaic efficiency.

Abstract: Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts is crucial for the electrochemical production of pure and clean hydrogen. For practical applications, an economical and facile method of producing catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential. Here, we report ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles uniformly deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an efficient HER catalyst. The catalyst exhibits the small overpotentials of 13 and 17 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm–2 in 0.5 M aq. H2SO4 and 1.0 M aq. KOH, respectively, surpassing the commercial Pt/C (16 mV and 33 mV). Moreover, the catalyst has excellent stability in both media, showing almost “zeroloss” during cycling. In a real device, the catalyst produces 15.4% more hydrogen per power consumed, and shows a higher Faradaic efficiency (92.28%) than the benchmark Pt/C (85.97%). Density functional theory calculations suggest that Ru–C bonding is the most plausible active site for the HER. To efficiently produce pure and clean H2 through electrochemical processes, an efficient and durable catalyst is essential. Here, authors report ruthenium nanoparticles anchored on multi-walled carbon nanotubes as an efficient catalyst for H2 evolution in both acidic and alkaline media.

Vacancy-enabled N 2 activation for ammonia synthesis on an Ni-loaded catalyst

Abstract: Ammonia (NH3) is pivotal to the fertilizer industry and one of the most commonly produced chemicals1. The direct use of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) had been challenging, owing to its large bond energy (945 kilojoules per mole)2,3, until the development of the Haber–Bosch process. Subsequently, many strategies have been explored to reduce the activation barrier of the N≡N bond and make the process more efficient. These include using alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides as promoters to boost the performance of traditional iron- and ruthenium-based catalysts4–6 via electron transfer from the promoters to the antibonding bonds of N2 through transition metals7,8. An electride support further lowers the activation barrier because its low work function and high electron density enhance electron transfer to transition metals9,10. This strategy has facilitated ammonia synthesis from N2 dissociation11 and enabled catalytic operation under mild conditions; however, it requires the use of ruthenium, which is expensive. Alternatively, it has been shown that nitrides containing surface nitrogen vacancies can activate N2 (refs. 12–15). Here we report that nickel-loaded lanthanum nitride (LaN) enables stable and highly efficient ammonia synthesis, owing to a dual-site mechanism that avoids commonly encountered scaling relations. Kinetic and isotope-labelling experiments, as well as density functional theory calculations, confirm that nitrogen vacancies are generated on LaN with low formation energy, and efficiently bind and activate N2. In addition, the nickel metal loaded onto the nitride dissociates H2. The use of distinct sites for activating the two reactants, and the synergy between them, results in the nickel-loaded LaN catalyst exhibiting an activity that far exceeds that of more conventional cobalt- and nickel-based catalysts, and that is comparable to that of ruthenium-based catalysts. Our results illustrate the potential of using vacancy sites in reaction cycles, and introduce a design concept for catalysts for ammonia synthesis, using naturally abundant elements. Ammonia is synthesized using a dual-site approach, whereby nitrogen vacancies on LaN activate N2, which then reacts with hydrogen atoms produced over the Ni metal to give ammonia.

Lattice-confined Ru clusters with high CO tolerance and activity for the hydrogen oxidation reaction

Abstract: An efficient catalyst for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) must maintain an oxide-free metal surface in a relatively high potential range. This requirement automatically excludes ruthenium because it is susceptible to oxidation in the hydrogen adsorption/desorption potential region. Herein we report Ru clusters partially confined in the lattice of urchin-like TiO2 crystals (Ru@TiO2) that can effectively catalyse the HOR up to a potential of 0.9 VRHE with a mass activity higher than that of a PtRu catalyst under both acidic and basic conditions. Moreover, the HOR activity of this Ru@TiO2 catalyst is not affected by 1,000 ppm CO impurity. Even at a high CO content of 10 vol%, Ru@TiO2 still selectively catalyses the HOR. Confined Ru clusters grow along the lattice of TiO2 with abundant Ru–Ti bond formation. Such atomically connected co-crystals offer efficient electron penetration from electron-rich TiO2 to Ru metal, leading to sluggish CO adsorption kinetics during the HOR. Efficient hydrogen oxidation catalysts must maintain an oxide-free metal surface in a relatively high potential range. Now, a catalyst consisting of Ru clusters partially confined in the lattice of urchin-like TiO2 crystals is shown to catalyse the reaction up to a potential of 0.9 VRHE with high mass activity and CO tolerance under both acidic and basic conditions.

Identifying Electrocatalytic Sites of the Nanoporous Copper–Ruthenium Alloy for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Electrolyte

Abstract: Hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting is a promising route to pursue clean and sustainable energy sources. Here, a three-dimensional nanoporous Cu–Ru alloy is prepared as a high-...

Tailoring Lattice Oxygen Binding in Ruthenium Pyrochlores to Enhance Oxygen Evolution Activity

Abstract: Ruthenium pyrochlores, that is, oxides of composition A2Ru2O7−δ, have emerged recently as state-of-the-art catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic conditions. Here, we demonstra...

Tuning the Catalytic Preference of Ruthenium Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction by Atomic Dispersion

Abstract: © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 1905665 (1 of 11) Developing cost-effective, high-performance nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) electrocatalysts is required for the production of green and low-cost ammonia under ambient conditions. Here, a strategy is proposed to adjust the reaction preference of noble metals by tuning the size and local chemical environment of the active sites. This proof-of-concept model is realized by single ruthenium atoms distributed in a matrix of graphitic carbon nitride (Ru SAs/g-C3N4). This model is compared, in terms of the NRR activity, to bulk Ru. The as-synthesized Ru SAs/g-C3N4 exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity with an NH3 yield rate of 23.0 μg mgcat h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency as high as 8.3% at a low overpotential (0.05 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode), which is far better than that of the bulk Ru counterpart. Moreover, the Ru SAs/g-C3N4 displays a high stability during five recycling tests and a 12 h potentiostatic test. Density functional theory calculations reveal that compared to bulk Ru surfaces, Ru SAs/g-C3N4 has more facile reaction thermodynamics, and the enhanced NRR performance of Ru SAs/g-C3N4 originates from a tuning of the d-electron energies from that of the bulk to a single-atom, causing an up-shift of the d-band center toward the Fermi level. can maximize metal utilization. Since SACs have unique catalytic sites, they usually exhibit a distinct catalytic selectivity as compared to their nanoclusters or nanoparticle counterparts.[2] For example, single atomic Pt immobilized in the surface of Ni nanocrystals shows a higher activity and chemoselectivity toward the hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene.[3] Isolated Co single-site catalysts anchored on a N-doped porous carbon nanobelt exhibits an excellent catalytic performance for oxidation of ethylbenzene with 98% conversion and 99% selectivity, whereas the Co nanoparticles are essentially inert.[4] Moreover, atomic Ni-anchored covalent triazine framework has a remarkable selectivity for the conversion of CO2 to CO, with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of > 90% over the range of −0.6 to −0.9 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).[5] In view of these reported works, it is evident that the size of metal particles is a key factor in determining their catalytic performance, and decreasing the size offers an intriguing opportunity to alter the activity and selectivity of these metal catalysts. SACs, as the limit of size reduction, hold great potential to achieve high activity and selectivity in catalytic reactions. Recently, the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) in aqueous electrolytes for synthesizing ammonia at ambient FULL PAPER

Operando identification of site-dependent water oxidation activity on ruthenium dioxide single-crystal surfaces

Abstract: Understanding the nature of active sites is central to controlling (electro)catalytic activity. Here we employed surface X-ray scattering coupled with density functional theory and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy to examine the oxygen evolution reaction on RuO2 surfaces as a function of voltage. At 1.5 VRHE, our results suggest that there is an –OO group on the coordinatively unsaturated ruthenium (RuCUS) site of the (100) surface (and similarly for (110)), but adsorbed oxygen on the RuCUS site of (101). Density functional theory results indicate that the removal of –OO from the RuCUS site, which is stabilized by a hydrogen bond to a neighbouring –OH (–OO–H), could be the rate-determining step for (100) (similarly for (110)), where its reduced binding on (100) increased activity. A further reduction in binding energy on the RuCUS site of (101) resulted in a different rate-determining step (–O + H2O – (H+ + e−) → –OO–H) and decreased activity. Our study provides molecular details on the active sites, and the influence of their local coordination environment on activity. Understanding the nature of active sites is central to controlling the activity of a given catalyst. This work combines operando characterization and computational techniques to examine the oxygen evolution reaction mechanism on RuO2 surfaces.

Catalysis with Colloidal Ruthenium Nanoparticles.

Abstract: This review provides a synthetic overview of the recent research advancements addressing the topic of catalysis with colloidal ruthenium metal nanoparticles through the last five years. The aim is to enlighten the interest of ruthenium metal at the nanoscale for a selection of catalytic reactions performed in solution condition. The recent progress in nanochemistry allowed providing well-controlled ruthenium nanoparticles which served as models and allowed study of how their characteristics influence their catalytic properties. Although this parameter is not enough often taken into consideration the surface chemistry of ruthenium nanoparticles starts to be better understood. This offers thus a strong basis to better apprehend catalytic processes on the metal surface and also explore how these can be affected by the stabilizing molecules as well as the ruthenium crystallographic structure. Ruthenium nanoparticles have been reported for their application as catalysts in solution for diverse reactions. The main ones are reduction, oxidation, Fischer-Tropsch, C-H activation, CO2 transformation, and hydrogen production through amine borane dehydrogenation or water-splitting reactions, which will be reviewed here. Results obtained showed that ruthenium nanoparticles can be highly performant in these reactions, but efforts are still required in order to be able to rationalize the results. Beside their catalytic performance, ruthenium nanocatalysts are very good models in order to investigate key parameters for a better controlled nanocatalysis. This is a challenging but fundamental task in order to develop more efficient catalytic systems, namely more active and more selective catalysts able to work in mild conditions.

Investigation into antiproliferative activity and apoptosis mechanism of new arene Ru(II) carbazole-based hydrazone complexes

Abstract: Ruthenium complexes with bioactive ligands are becoming promising substitutes for platinum complexes due to their precise action against various cancers. In the present study, the synthesis of three new arene Ru(ii) complexes containing new carbazole-based hydrazone ligands of general formula [(η6-benzene)Ru(L)Cl] (1-3; L = carbazolone benzhydrazone ligands), and their anticancer properties are described. The structural characterization of the ligands and their ruthenium complexes has been realized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, NMR and HR-MS techniques. The molecular structures of all three complexes have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography and reveal the existence of pseudo-octahedral geometry around the ruthenium. The in vitro cancer cell growth inhibition property of the complexes against A549 (lung carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian adenocarcinoma) and non-cancerous 16HBE (human lung bronchial epithelium) cells were examined by MTT assay. All the complexes display good cytotoxicity towards both of these types of cancer cell compared to the standard drug cisplatin, with low IC50 values. Remarkably, complex 3, which contains an electron-donating substituent, induces a significant reduction of viability in A2780 cells. The inhibition capacity of the complexes towards A2780 cells proliferation was further confirmed using 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay via minimal DNA synthesis. The result of the acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO-EB) fluorescent staining assay establishes that the cytotoxicity of the complexes was mediated by apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining determines the quantitative discrimination of early apoptosis by the externalization of phosphatidylserine. In addition, cell cycle distribution indicates that the complexes block the cell cycle progression in the S-phase. The outcome of our investigation shows the promising scope and potency of tailored arene ruthenium complexes for precise cancer chemotherapy beyond platinum drugs.

Phosphorus-Induced Activation of Ruthenium for Boosting Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Electrocatalysis

Abstract: Developing efficient electrocatalysts toward alkaline hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions (HOR/HER) and fundamental understanding their catalytic mechanisms are highly desirable with the rap...

Strong Electronic Coupling between Ultrafine Iridium–Ruthenium Nanoclusters and Conductive, Acid-Stable Tellurium Nanoparticle Support for Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution in Acidic and Neutral Media

Abstract: Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEM-WE) has emerged as a promising technology for hydrogen production and shows substantial advantages over conventional alkaline water electrolysis. To...

Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis.

Abstract: Direct C-H bond functionalization catalyzed by non-precious transition metals is an attractive strategy in synthetic chemistry Compared with the precious metals rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium commonly used in this field, catalysis based on non-precious metals, especially the earth-abundant ones, is appealing due to the increasing demand for environmentally benign and sustainable chemical processes Herein, developments in iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization reactions are described, with an emphasis on their applications in organic synthesis, ie, the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals and/or their modification

Unexpected Roles of Triethanolamine in the Photochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate by Ruthenium Complexes.

Abstract: A series of 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl ruthenium complexes with carbonyl ligands were prepared and studied using a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic methods with infrared detection to provide structural information on reaction intermediates in the photochemical reduction of CO2 to formate in acetonitrile (CH3CN). An unsaturated 5-coordinate intermediate was characterized, and the hydride-transfer step to CO2 from a singly reduced metal-hydride complex was observed with kinetic resolution. While triethanolamine (TEOA) was expected to act as a proton acceptor to ensure the sacrificial behavior of 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole as an electron donor, time-resolved infrared measurements revealed that about 90% of the photogenerated one-electron reduced complexes undergo unproductive back electron transfer. Furthermore, TEOA showed the ability to capture CO2 from CH3CN solutions to form a zwitterionic alkylcarbonate adduct and was actively engaged in key catalytic steps such as metal-hydride formation, hydride transfer to CO2 to form the bound formate intermediate, and dissociation of formate ion product. Collectively, the data provide an overview of the transient intermediates of Ru(II) carbonyl complexes and emphasize the importance of considering the participation of TEOA when investigating and proposing catalytic pathways.

Single-atom Ru anchored in nitrogen-doped MXene (Ti3C2Tx) as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction at all pH values

Abstract: Precise control of isolated single-atom ruthenium (RuSA) sites supported on nitrogen (N)-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene (N-Ti3C2Tx) through a coordination-assisted strategy is reported. The catalyst displays superior activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The atomic dispersion of RuSA on N-Ti3C2Tx is verified by spherical aberration-corrected electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. The resultant RuSA–N-Ti3C2Tx catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic performance with low overpotentials of 23, 27, and 81 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H2SO4, 1 M KOH, and 1 M PBS solutions, respectively. In addition, RuSA–N-Ti3C2Tx shows long-term stability with negligible degradation in basic, acidic, and neutral media, which is much better than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the strong covalent interactions between RuSA and N sites on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support contribute to the exceptional catalytic performance and stability. This work provides a coordination-engineered strategy to effectively modulate the catalytic properties of the MXene family by an atomic-level engineering strategy.

Tailoring the ruthenium reactive sites on N doped molybdenum carbide nanosheets via the anti-Ostwald ripening as efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Abstract: The irreversible sintering of supported ruthenium (Ru) catalyst in the preparation process has seriously affected its hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and stability. Herein, ultrathin nitrogen-doped molybdenum carbide nanosheets (N-Mo2C NSs) is used as a versatile support to stabilize Ru single atoms (SAs) sites via the anti-Ostwald ripening. Ru SAs are dispersed into the N-Mo2C NSs matrix via the strong bonding between the Ru atoms and Mo2C NSs regulated by N doping. The atomic isolated Ru SAs are confirmed by spherical aberration correction transmission electron microscopy (AC HAADF-STEM) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. Ru SAs/N-Mo2C NSs exhibits outstanding HER performance, with a small overpotential of 43 mV at 10 mA/cm2, and robust catalytic stability in 1.0 M KOH. Importantly, Ru SAs/N-Mo2C NSs possesses a higher mass activity of 6.44 A/mgRu than that of 20 wt% Pt/C (0.91 A/mgPt) at the overpotential of 100 mV. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the high HER activity of Ru SAs/N-Mo2C NSs is derived from the synergistically accelerated the dissociation of H2O and the optimized H adsorption strength in Mo-Ru interface. This result provides a new direction for the rational designing monatomic electrocatalysts for HER via support interaction effect.

Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Cobalt-Doped 1T′ Phase MoS2 Nanosheets for Overall Water Splitting

Abstract: 2D MoS2 nanostructures have recently attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding electrocatalytic properties. The synthesis of unique Co-Ru-MoS2 hybrid nanosheets with excellent catalytic activity toward overall water splitting in alkaline solution is reported. 1T' phase MoS2 nanosheets are doped homogeneously with Co atoms and decorated with Ru nanoparticles. The catalytic performance of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is characterized by low overpotentials of 52 and 308 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and Tafel slopes of 55 and 50 mV decade-1 in 1.0 m KOH, respectively. Analysis of X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectra of the catalysts show that the MoS2 well retained its metallic 1T' phase, which guarantees good electrical conductivity during the reaction. The Gibbs free energy calculation for the reaction pathway in alkaline electrolyte confirms that the Ru nanoparticles on the Co-doped MoS2 greatly enhance the HER activity. Water adsorption and dissociation take place favorably on the Ru, and the doped Co further catalyzes HER by making the reaction intermediates more favorable. The high OER performance is attributed to the catalytically active RuO2 nanoparticles that are produced via oxidation of Ru nanoparticles.

Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Inert C-H Bond Activation Assisted by a Chiral Transient Directing Group.

Abstract: A ruthenium(II)-catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular hydroarylation assisted by a chiral transient directing group has been developed. A series of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans bearing chiral all-carbon quaternary stereocenters have been prepared in remarkably high yields (up to 98 %) and enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). By this methodology, a novel asymmetric total synthesis of CB2 receptor agonist MDA7 has been successfully developed.

C-H Oxygenation Reactions Enabled by Dual Catalysis with Electrogenerated Hypervalent Iodine Species and Ruthenium Complexes.

Abstract: The catalytic generation of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents by anodic electrooxidation was orchestrated towards an unprecedented electrocatalytic C-H oxygenation of weakly coordinating aromatic amides and ketones. Thus, catalytic quantities of iodoarenes in concert with catalytic amounts of ruthenium(II) complexes set the stage for versatile C-H activations with ample scope and high functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment and computation substantiate the role of the iodoarene as the electrochemically relevant species towards C-H oxygenations with electricity as a sustainable oxidant and molecular hydrogen as the sole by-product. para-Selective C-H oxygenations likewise proved viable in the absence of directing groups.

Ceria-supported ruthenium clusters transforming from isolated single atoms for hydrogen production via decomposition of ammonia

Abstract: Supported cluster catalyst exhibits significant superiority in catalytic performance, but the structure uniformity and reactivity stability of the clusters under harsh conditions remains challenges. Here, we report the synthesis of stable ruthenium (Ru) clusters (ca. 1.5 nm) by reducing Ru single atoms under ammonia atmosphere at 550 °C, where the Ru clusters are uniformly dispersed on the surface of ceria. The supported Ru cluster catalysts show outstanding activity for decomposition of ammonia with an extremely high hydrogen yield of 9,924 mmolH2 gRu−1 min−1 at 450 °C. Such a value exhibits at least one-order enhancement on the hydrogen formation yield compared to the previously reported results. Through comprehensive in-situ characterizations and temperature programmed desorption by NH3 techniques, we clearly explored the structure-function relation of the Ru/CeO2 catalyst that ceria support itself effectively adsorbed ammonia, meanwhile the Ru clusters stabilized by ceria decomposed ammonia to produce hydrogen.

A Small Cationic Organo-Copper Cluster as Thermally Robust Highly Photo- and Electroluminescent Material

Abstract: Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are revolutionizing display applications. In this aspect, luminescent complexes of precious metals such as iridium, platinum, or ruthenium still playing a significant role. Emissive compounds of earth-abundant copper with equivalent performance are desired for practical, large-scale applications such as solid-state lighting and displays. Copper(I)-based emitters are well-known to suffer from weak spin-orbit coupling and a high reorganization energy upon photoexcitation. Here we report a cationic organo-copper cluster [Cu4(PCP)3]+ (PCP = 2,6-(PPh2)2C6H3) that features suppressed nonradiative decays, giving rise to a robust narrow-band green luminophore with a photoluminescent (PL) efficiency up to 93%. PL decay kinetics corroborated by DFT calculations reveal a complex emission mechanism involving contributions of both thermally activated delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence. This robust compound was solution-processed into a thin film in prototype OLEDs with external quantum efficiency up to 11% and a narrow emission bandwidth (65 nm fwhm).

Ru and RuOx decorated carbon nitride for efficient ammonia photosynthesis

Abstract: Photocatalytic ammonia synthesis is a promising strategy for sustainable development compared to the energy-intensive industrial Haber-Bosch approach. Herein, a ternary heterostructure that consists of ruthenium species and carbon nitride (C3N4) was rationally explored for ammonia photosynthesis. Compared to the small ammonia yield from the g-C3N4 and Ru/g-C3N4 system, the Ru/RuO2/g-C3N4 system represents 6 times higher activity with excellent stability under full-spectrum irradiation. Such an enhancement is not only due to efficient transfer of electrons and holes to Ru and RuO2, respectively, facilitating both the reduction and oxidation reaction, but also taking advantage of Ru for N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N activation.

Catalytic addition of C–H bonds across C–C unsaturated systems promoted by iridium(I) and its group IX congeners

Abstract: Transition metal-catalyzed hydrocarbonations of unsaturated substrates have emerged as powerful synthetic tools for increasing molecular complexity in an atom-economical manner. Although this field was traditionally dominated by low valent rhodium and ruthenium catalysts, in recent years, there have been many reports based on the use of iridium complexes. In many cases, these reactions have a different course from those of their rhodium homologs, and even allow performing otherwise inviable transformations. In this review we aim to provide an informative journey, from the early pioneering examples in the field, most of them based on other metals than iridium, to the most recent transformations catalyzed by designed Ir(I) complexes. The review is organized by the type of C–H bond that is activated (with C sp2, sp or sp3), as well as by the C–C unsaturated partner that is used as a hydrocarbonation partner (alkyne, allene or alkene). Importantly, we discuss the mechanistic foundations of the methods highlighting the differences from those previously proposed for processes catalyzed by related metals, particularly those of the same group (Co and Rh).

CO poisoning of Ru catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation under thermal and plasma conditions: a combined kinetic and diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy–mass spectrometry study

Abstract: Plasma-catalysis systems are complex and require further understanding to advance the technology. Herein, CO poisoning in CO2 hydrogenation over supported ruthenium (Ru) catalysts in a nonthermal p...