Showing papers by "University College London published in 1994"
TL;DR: The frequency with which potential hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are satisfied in protein molecules is analysed and it is found that as the resolution of the data improves, the percentages fall.
2,048 citations
TL;DR: In vivo, dominant negative Ras mutant N17 inhibits growth factor induced production of 3′ hosphorylated phosphoinositides in PC12 cells, and transfection of Ras, but not Raf, into COS cells results in a large elevation in the level of these lipids.
Abstract: Ras (p21ras) interacts directly with the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase in a GTP-dependent manner through the Ras effector site. In vivo, dominant negative Ras mutant N17 inhibits growth factor induced production of 3' phosphorylated phosphoinositides in PC12 cells, and transfection of Ras, but not Raf, into COS cells results in a large elevation in the level of these lipids. Therefore Ras can probably regulate phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, providing a point of divergence in signalling pathways downstream of Ras.
1,998 citations
TL;DR: Differences between children destined to develop schizophrenia as adults and the general population were found across a range of developmental domains, and the origins of schizophrenia may be found in early life.
1,326 citations
TL;DR: Characterization of the GSTT1 polymorphism will enable a more accurate assessment of human health risk from synthetic halomethanes and other industrial chemicals.
Abstract: In humans, glutathione-dependent conjugation of halomethanes is polymorphic, with 60% of the population classed as conjugators and 40% as non-conjugators. We report the characterization of the genetic polymorphism causing the phenotypic difference. We have isolated a cDNA that encodes a human class Theta GST (GSTT1) and which shares 82% sequence identity with rat class Theta GST5-5. From PCR and Southern blot analyses, it is shown that the GSTT1 gene is absent from 38% of the population. The presence or absence of the GSTT1 gene is coincident with the conjugator (GSST1+) and non-conjugator (GSTT1-) phenotypes respectively. The GSTT1+ phenotype can catalyse the glutathione conjugation of dichloromethane, a metabolic pathway which has been shown to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity tester strains and is believed to be responsible for carcinogenicity of dichloromethane in the mouse. In humans, the enzyme is found in the erythrocyte and this may act as a detoxification sink. Characterization of the GSTT1 polymorphism will thus enable a more accurate assessment of human health risk from synthetic halomethanes and other industrial chemicals.
1,302 citations
TL;DR: The most important electron acceptor in the biosphere is molecular oxygen which, by virtue of its bi-radical nature, readily accepts unpaired electrons to give rise to a series of partially reduced species collectively known as reduced (or ‘reactive’) oxygen species (ROS).
Abstract: The most important electron acceptor in the biosphere is molecular oxygen which, by virtue of its bi-radical nature, readily accepts unpaired electrons to give rise to a series of partially reduced species collectively known as reduced (or ‘reactive’) oxygen species (ROS). These include superoxide (O·-2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO·) and peroxyl (ROO·) and alkoxyl (RO·) radicals which may be involved in the initiation and propagation of free radical chain reactions and which are potentially highly damaging to cells. Mechanisms have evolved to restrict and control such processes, partly by compartmentation, and partly by antioxidant defences such as chain-breaking antioxidant compounds capable forming stable free radicals (e.g. ascorbate, α-tocopherol) and the evolution of enzyme systems (e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases) that diminish the intracellular concentration of the ROS. Although some ROS perform useful functions, the production of ROS exceeding the ability of th...
1,256 citations
TL;DR: The distinction between instance and rule learning is a sound and meaningful way of taxonomizing human learning and various computational models of these two forms of learning are discussed.
Abstract: A number of ways of taxonomizing human learning have ben proposed. We examine the evidence for one such proposal, namely, that there exist independent explicit and implicit learning systems. This combines two further distinctions, (1) between learning that takes place with versus without concurrent awareness, and (2) between learning that involves the encoding of instances (or fragments) versus the induction of abstract rules or hypotheses. Implicit learning is assumed to involve unconscious rule learning. We examine the evidence for implicit learning derived from subliminal learning, conditioning, artificial grammar learning, instrumental learning, and reaction times in sequence learning. We conclude that unconscious learning has not been satisfactorily established in any of these areas. The assumption that learning in some of theses tasks (e.g., artificial grammar learning) is predominantly based on rule abstraction is questionable. When subjects cannot report the ''implicitly learned'' rules that govern stimulus selection, this is often because their knowledge consists of instances or fragments of the training stimuli rather than rules. In contrast to the distinction between conscious and unconscious learning, the distinction between instance and rule learning is a sound and meaningful way of taxonomizing human learning. We discuss various computational models of these two forms of learning.
1,120 citations
TL;DR: This review proposes a new way of defining receptors for nucleotides, based on agonist potency order, transduction mechanisms and molecular structure, that will give a more ordered and logical approach to accommodating new findings.
1,101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the sensitivity of investment to the availability of internal funds using the hierarchy of finance approach to corporate finance is investigated using U.K. company panel data to estimate dynamic investment models using GMM.
Abstract: In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of investment to the availability of internal funds using the hierarchy of finance approach to corporate finance. We characterize the empirical implications of this approach for dynamic investment models and test these implications using firm-level data. The model we estimate is based on the Euler equation for optimal capital accumulation in the presence of convex adjustment costs. The theoretical model explicitly allows for debt finance and financial assets. The empirical investigation uses U.K. company panel data to estimate dynamic investment models using GMM and tests the derived implications.
1,052 citations
TL;DR: A working party of 13 dermatologists, two family practitioners and a paediatrician was assembled, with the aim of developing a minimum list of reliable discriminators for atopic dermatitis, finding that the discriminatory value of these criteria was satisfactory when tested against a further sample of 150 patients drawn from the community, who did not have skin disease.
Abstract: A working party of 13 dermatologists, two family practitioners and a paediatrician was assembled, with the aim of developing a minimum list of reliable discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Each physician was asked to select 10 consecutive new cases of unequivocal mild to moderate atopic dermatitis and 10 controls with other inflammatory dermatoses. Each subject was examined by two independent observers, who were blind to the clinical diagnosis and study aim, with regard to 31 clinically useful diagnostic features for atopic dermatitis. Two hundred and twenty-four patients were studied (120 cases and 102 controls). Using the key physician's clinical diagnosis as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of each of the 31 diagnostic criteria were tested. Using multiple logistic regression techniques, a minimum set of diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis was derived. These were: history of flexural involvement, history of a dry skin, onset under the age of 2, personal history of asthma, history of a pruritic skin condition, and visible flexural dermatitis. Adjustment for age, sex, region, social class and ethnic group did not alter the choice of final criteria. The discriminatory value of these criteria was also satisfactory when tested against a further sample of 150 patients drawn from the community, who did not have skin disease.
1,051 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the MNSI is a good screening tool for diabetic neuropathy and that the MDNS coupled with nerve conductions provides a simple means to confirm this diagnosis.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Early diagnosis of distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, a common complication of diabetes, may decrease patient morbidity by allowing for potential therapeutic interventions. We have designed an outpatient program to facilitate diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients are initially administered a brief questionnaire and screening examination, designated the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Diabetic neuropathy is confirmed in patients with a positive assessment by a quantitative neurological examination coupled with nerve conduction studies, designated the Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score (MDNS). In this study, 56 outpatients with confirmed type I or II diabetes were administered the standardized quantitative components required to diagnose and stage diabetic neuropathy according to the San Antonio Consensus Statement (1) and the Mayo Clinic protocol (2). These same patients were then assessed with the MNSI and the MDNS. RESULTS Of 29 patients with a clinical MNSI score > 2, 28 had neuropathy. Twenty-eight patients with an MDNS of ≥ 7 had neuropathy, while 21 non-neuropathic patients had a score ≤ 6. Of 35 patients with diabetic neuropathy, 34 had ≥ 2 abnormal nerve conductions. Twenty-one normal patients and one patient with neuropathy had ≤ 1 abnormal nerve conduction. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the MNSI is a good screening tool for diabetic neuropathy and that the MDNS coupled with nerve conductions provides a simple means to confirm this diagnosis.
1,038 citations
TL;DR: Nitric oxide reversibly inhibited oxygen consumption of brain synaptosomes and was apparently competitive with oxygen, suggesting that NO inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and the competion with oxygen may occur in vivo.
TL;DR: Three thousand eight hundred ninety‐nine β‐turns have been identified and classified using a nonhomologous data set of 205 protein chains to derive β‐ turn positional potentials for turn types I' and II' for the first time and to provide updated potentialS for formation of the more common types I, II, and VIII.
Abstract: Three thousand eight hundred ninety-nine beta-turns have been identified and classified using a nonhomologous data set of 205 protein chains. These were used to derive beta-turn positional potentials for turn types I' and II' for the first time and to provide updated potentials for formation of the more common types I, II, and VIII. Many of the sequence preferences for each of the 4 positions in turns can be rationalized in terms of the formation of stabilizing hydrogen bonds, preferences for amino acids to adopt a particular conformation in phi, psi space, and the involvement of turn types I' and II' in beta-hairpins. Only 1,632 (42%) of the turns occur in isolation; the remainder have at least 1 residue in common with another turn and have hence been classified as multiple turns. Several types of multiple turn have been identified and analyzed.
TL;DR: The results provide clear evidence that episodic memory involves a network of specific prefrontal and posterior structures which can be fractionated into different component processes.
Abstract: It is widely held that conscious recall of past experiences involves a specific system--episodic memory. Patients with amnesia have gross impairments of episodic memory while other kinds of memory remain intact, suggesting that a separable brain system underlies episodic memory. We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to identify components of this system in normal volunteers. A dual-task interference paradigm was used to isolate brain areas associated with acquisition, and a cueing paradigm to isolate the areas concerned with retrieval from verbal episodic memory. Acquisition was associated with activity in the left prefrontal cortex and the retrosplenial area, whereas retrieval was associated with activity in right prefrontal cortex and the precuneus. Our results provide clear evidence that episodic memory involves a network of specific prefrontal and posterior structures which can be fractionated into different component processes.
TL;DR: It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning, and three alignments have been proposed, intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning.
Abstract: There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: The method employs a set of statistical tables (log likelihoods) complied from well-characterized membrane protein data, and a novel dynamic programming algorithm to recognize membrane topology models by expectation maximization.
Abstract: This paper describes a new method for the prediction of the secondary structure and topology of integral membrane proteins based on the recognition of topological models. The method employs a set of statistical tables (log likelihoods) complied from well-characterized membrane protein data, and a novel dynamic programming algorithm to recognize membrane topology models by expectation maximization. The statistical tables show definite biases toward certain amino acid species on the inside, middle, and outside of a cellular membrane. Using a set of 83 integral membrane protein sequences taken from a variety of bacterial, plant, and animal species, and a strict jackknifing procedure, where each protein (along with any detectable homologues) is removed from the training set used to calculate the tables before prediction, the method successfully predicted 64 of the 83 topologies, and of the 37 complex multispanning topologies 34 were predicted correctly.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the application of count data models to firm level panel data on technological innovations and developed a fixed effects estimator that generalises the standard Poisson and negative binomial models allowing for dynamic feedback through both the firm's stock of knowledge and its product market power.
Abstract: This paper examines the application of count data models to firm level panel data on technological innovations. The model we propose exhibits dynamic feedback and unobserved heterogeneity. We develop a fixed effects estimator that generalises the standard Poisson and negative binomial models allowing for dynamic feedback through both the firm's stock of knowledge and its product market power. By using the long pre-sample history of innovation information this "entry stock" estimator is shown to control for correlated fixed effects and is compared with an alternative nonlinear GMM estimator. We find evidence of history dependence in innovation activity although variables reflecting the company's economic environment are also found to play a major role. Technological innovation is an inherently dynamic and nonlinear process. Empirical models seeking to track its progress should share these features. Count data models, where the variable of interest is a non-negative integer, are commonly used to analyse innovation headcounts. However, they are not typically formulated to deal with the dynamic feedback that is suggested by theory. In this paper we examine alternative approaches to modelling innovation counts when there are important dynamics and unobservable heterogeneity. We model a count of the number of innovations commercialised by a firm in a year as a function of a firm's market power and its tangible and knowledge capital stock. There is clearly going to be some feedback mechanism between market power and innovation - a successful innovation is likely to lead to an increase in a firm's market share. In addition, any representative sample of companies is likely to display a wide range of innovative activity. The majority of companies make few innovations while a small group are involved in a high level of activity. This difference is unlikely to be solely attributable to observable differences across companies. Unobservable permanent heterogeneity is, therefore, an important feature of any empirical model of innovation activity.
TL;DR: A classification is considered that extends the sequence-based superfamilies to include proteins with similar function and three-dimensional structures but no sequence similarity, which has implications for protein-fold recognition.
Abstract: As the protein sequence and structure databases expand rapidly a better understanding of the relationships between proteins is required. A classification is considered that extends the sequence-based superfamilies to include proteins with similar function and three-dimensional structures but no sequence similarity. So far there are only nine protein folds known to recur in proteins having neither sequence nor functional similarity. These folds dominate the structure database, representing more than 30 per cent of all determined structures. This observation has implications for protein-fold recognition.
TL;DR: Systemic administration of anti-NGF neutralizing antibodies prevent the behavioral sensitivity, the up-regulation of neuropeptides and the inflammation-induced expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in dorsal horn neurons, without modifying swelling and erythema.
TL;DR: It is reported here that Fgf4 expression in the ridge can be regulated byshh-expressing cells, and Shh expression in mesenchyme can be activated by FGF4 in combination with retinoic acid, thus establishing a positive feedback loop between ZPA and ridge.
Abstract: Limb development depends on signals from the apical ectodermal ridge and underlying mesenchyme. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) can replace the ridge and, because Fgf4 RNA is localized to the mouse posterior ridge, we proposed that FGF4 is the endogenous ridge signal. Ridge signals control limb outgrowth and maintain the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) at the limb posterior margin, which is important in limb pattering: a ZPA graft to limb anterior mesenchyme causes cell respecification and mirror-image duplications. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) has polarizing activity, and Shh RNA co-localizes with ZPA activity, suggesting SHH is the endogenous polarizing signal. We have investigated the molecular regulation of Fgf4 and Shh expression. We report here that Fgf4 expression in the ridge can be regulated by Shh-expressing cells. Moreover, Shh expression in mesenchyme can be activated by FGF4 in combination with retinoic acid. Once induced, Shh expression can be maintained by FGF4 alone, thus establishing a positive feedback loop between ZPA and ridge.
TL;DR: It is suggested that neuropsychological deficits after routine cardiopulmonary bypass are related to the number of microemboli delivered during surgery, and the numbers of microEmboli may be reduced by including a 40‐&mgr;m filter on the arterial line.
Abstract: Microemboli have been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychological deficits after cardiopulmonary bypass. This study examined the incidence of high-intensity transcranial signals (microemboli) and their relation to changes in neuropsychological performance after surgery.Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and detect microemboli. The number of high-intensity transcranial signals was determined and related to a neurological examination and absolute changes in neuropsychological performance as well as the number of patients considered to exhibit a neuropsychological deficit. Data were available on 100 consenting patients undergoing routine cardiopulmonary bypass. Fifty of the patients were randomly assigned to a procedure that included a 40-microns arterial line filter, and 50 had the procedure without any arterial line filter.Significantly more patients were found to have neuropsychological deficits in the group without the arterial line fi...
TL;DR: A general linear solvation energy equation has been used to analyze published partition coefficients in the systems water-octanol, water-hexadecane), water-alkane, and water-cyclohexane and shows that solute hydrogen-bond basicity, dipolarity/polarizability and size are significant factors that influence the delta log P parameter.
TL;DR: Authentic plasma hydroperoxides can be determined by a strategy in which the hydroperoxide reductant, triphenylphosphine, is used to discriminate between the background signal generated by ferric ions present in plasma and that generated by hydro peroxide in plasma.
TL;DR: After ischaemia, glutamate released by Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis activates an excessive influx of Ca2+ largely through potentiated NMDA-receptor-channels, which leads to neuronal death.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that governments may have incentives to impose weak environmental standards on industries that compete for business in imperfectly competitive international markets, where "weak" means that the marginal cost of abatement is less than the marginal damage from pollution.
TL;DR: Results indicate that phospholipase D is a downstream effector of ARF1 and ARF3, which would suggest that alterations in lipid content by PLD are an important determinant in vesicular dynamics.
Abstract: Activation of the phospholipase D (PLD) pathway is a widespread response when cells are activated by agonists that bind receptors on the cell surface. A 16-kD cytosolic component can reconstitute guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-mediated activation of phospholipase D in HL60 cells depleted of their cytosol by permeabilization. This factor was purified and identified as two small GTP-binding proteins, ARF1 and ARF3. Recombinant ARF1 substituted for purified ARF proteins in the reconstitution assay. These results indicate that phospholipase D is a downstream effector of ARF1 and ARF3. The well-established role of ARF in vesicular traffic would suggest that alterations in lipid content by PLD are an important determinant in vesicular dynamics.
University of Gothenburg1, University of Copenhagen2, Karolinska Institutet3, University of Bologna4, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University5, University College London6, Radboud University Nijmegen7, Linköping University8, University of Göttingen9, University of Lausanne10, University of Paris11, Université catholique de Louvain12, Hannover Medical School13
TL;DR: Measurement of the combined local synthesis of antibodies against measles, rubella, and/or varicella zoster could represent a significant advance if it offers higher specificity (not sensitivity) for identifying chronic rather than acute inflammation.
Abstract: The Committee of the European Concerted Action for Multiple Sclerosis (Charcot Foundation) organised five workshops to discuss CSF analytical standards in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. This consensus report from 12 European countries summarises the results of those workshops. It is hoped that neurologists will confer with their colleagues in clinical chemistry to arrange the best possible local practice. The most sensitive method for the detection of oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands is isoelectric focusing. The same amounts of IgG in parallel CSF and serum samples are used and oligoclonal bands are revealed with IgG specific antibody staining. All laboratories performing isoelectric focusing should check their technique at least annually using "blind" standards for the five different CSF and serum patterns. Quantitative measurements of IgG production in the CNS are less sensitive than isoelectric focusing. The preferred method for detection of blood-CSF barrier dysfunction is the albumin quotient. The CSF albumin or total protein concentrations are less satisfactory. These results must be interpreted with reference to the age of the patient and the local method of determination. Cells should be counted. The normal value is no more than 4 cells/microliters. Among evolving optional tests, measurement of the combined local synthesis of antibodies against measles, rubella, and/or varicella zoster could represent a significant advance if it offers higher specificity (not sensitivity) for identifying chronic rather than acute inflammation. Other tests that may have useful correlations with clinical indices include those for oligoclonal free light chains, IgM, IgA, or myelin basic protein concentrations.
TL;DR: The authors found that comprehension of sentences compared with the lexical-decision task, induced extensive activation in several regions of the left hemisphere, including the prefrontal and basal frontal cortex, the middle and inferior temporal gyri and temporal pole, the parietal cortex and the precuneus.
Abstract: We investigated cerebral activity in six normal volunteers using PET to explore the hypothesis that the right hemisphere has a specific role in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language such as metaphors. We also mapped the anatomical structures involved in sentence comprehension. During regional cerebral blood flow measurement subjects were asked to perform three different linguistic tasks: (i) metaphorical comprehension; (ii) literal comprehension of sentences; and (iii) a lexical-decision task. We found that comprehension of sentences compared with the lexical-decision task, induced extensive activation in several regions of the left hemisphere, including the prefrontal and basal frontal cortex, the middle and inferior temporal gyri and temporal pole, the parietal cortex and the precuneus. Comprehension of metaphors was associated with similar activations in the left hemisphere, but in addition, a number of sites were activated in the right hemisphere: the prefrontal cortex, the middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus and the posterior cingulate. We conclude that the interpretation of language involves widespread distributed systems bilaterally with the right hemisphere having a special role in the appreciation of metaphors.
TL;DR: It is shown here that this clock mechanism can be separated into a counting component and an effector component that stops cell proliferation: whereas the counting mechanism is driven by mitogens that activate cell-surface receptors, the effector mechanism depends on hydrophobic signals that activate intracellular receptors, such as thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid.
Abstract: The timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation is thought to depend on an intrinsic clock in oligodendrocyte precursor cells that counts time or cell divisions and limits precursor cell proliferation. We show here that this clock mechanism can be separated into a counting component and an effector component that stops cell proliferation: whereas the counting mechanism is driven by mitogens that activate cell-surface receptors, the effector mechanism depends on hydrophobic signals that activate intracellular receptors, such as thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid. When purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells are cultured at clonal density in serum-free medium in the presence of mitogens but in the absence of these hydrophobic signals, the cells divide indefinitely and do not differentiate into postmitotic oligodendrocytes. In the absence of mitogens, the precursor cells stop dividing and differentiate prematurely into oligodendrocytes even in the absence of these hydrophobic signals, indicating that these signals are not required for differentiation. The levels of these signals in vivo may normally regulate the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation, as the maximum number of precursor cell divisions in culture depends on the concentration of such signals and injections of thyroid hormone into newborn rats accelerates oligodendrocyte development. As thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid have been shown to promote the differentiation of many types of vertebrate cells, it is possible that they help coordinate the timing of differentiation by signalling clocks in precursor cells throughout a developing animal.
Purdue University1, University of Granada2, Simón Bolívar University3, University of Valencia4, University of Murcia5, Autonomous University of Madrid6, Technical University of Madrid7, University of Nottingham8, University of Basel9, University of Rouen10, University College London11, Sapienza University of Rome12, University of Cincinnati13
TL;DR: An overview of the subject of robust Bayesian analysis is provided, one that is accessible to statisticians outside the field, and recent developments in the area are reviewed.
Abstract: Robust Bayesian analysis is the study of the sensitivity of Bayesian answers to uncertain inputs. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the subject, one that is accessible to statisticians outside the field. Recent developments in the area are also reviewed, though with very uneven emphasis.