Showing papers by "University of Alabama published in 1999"
TL;DR: Reviews of the literature concerning deserts, boreal forests, tropical forests, lakes, and wetlands lead to the conclusion that extant data are insufficient to conclusively resolve the relationship between diversity and productivity, or that patterns are variable with mechanisms equally varied and complex.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Recent overviews have suggested that the relationship between species richness and productivity (rate of conversion of resources to biomass per unit area per unit time) is unimodal (hump-shaped). Most agree that productivity affects species richness at large scales, but unanimity is less regarding underlying mechanisms. Recent studies have examined the possibility that variation in species richness within communities may influence productivity, leading to an exploration of the relative effect of alterations in species number per se as contrasted to the addition of productive species. Reviews of the literature concerning deserts, boreal forests, tropical forests, lakes, and wetlands lead to the conclusion that extant data are insufficient to conclusively resolve the relationship between diversity and productivity, or that patterns are variable with mechanisms equally varied and complex. A more comprehensive survey of the ecological literature uncovered approximately 200 relationships, of which 3...
1,283 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the benefits customers receive from relationships with clothing/accessories salespeople and found that relationship benefits are positively associated with satisfaction, loyalty, word of mouth and purchases.
1,045 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive model of relationships between transformational and transactional leadership, procedural and distributive justice, trust, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) is presented.
1,022 citations
TL;DR: Fiber consumption predicted insulin levels, weight gain, and other CVD risk factors more strongly than did total or saturated fat consumption, and high-fiber diets may protect against obesity and CVD by lowering insulin levels.
Abstract: ContextDietary composition may affect insulin secretion, and high insulin levels,
in turn, may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).ObjectiveTo examine the role of fiber consumption and its association with insulin
levels, weight gain, and other CVD risk factors compared with other major
dietary components.Design and SettingThe Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study,
a multicenter population-based cohort study of the change in CVD risk factors
over 10 years (1985-1986 to 1995-1996) in Birmingham, Ala; Chicago, Ill; Minneapolis,
Minn; and Oakland, Calif.ParticipantsA total of 2909 healthy black and white adults, 18 to 30 years of age
at enrollment.Main Outcome MeasuresBody weight, insulin levels, and other CVD risk factors at year 10,
adjusted for baseline values.ResultsAfter adjustment for potential confounding factors, dietary fiber showed
linear associations from lowest to highest quintiles of intake with the following:
body weight (whites: 174.8-166.7 lb [78.3-75.0 kg], P<.001;
blacks: 185.6-177.6 lb [83.5-79.9 kg], P = .001),
waist-to-hip ratio (whites: 0.813-0.801, P = .004;
blacks: 0.809-0.799, P = .05), fasting insulin adjusted
for body mass index (whites: 77.8-72.2 pmol/L [11.2-10.4 µU/mL], P = .007;blacks: 92.4-82.6 pmol/L [13.3-11.9 µU/mL], P = .01) and 2-hour postglucose insulin adjusted for body
mass index (whites: 261.1-234.7 pmol/L [37.6-33.8 µU/mL], P = .03; blacks: 370.2-259.7 pmol/L [53.3-37.4 µU/mL], P<.001). Fiber was also associated with blood pressure
and levels of triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, and fibrinogen; these associations were substantially
attenuated by adjustment for fasting insulin level. In comparison with fiber,
intake of fat, carbohydrate, and protein had inconsistent or weak associations
with all CVD risk factors.ConclusionsFiber consumption predicted insulin levels, weight gain, and other CVD
risk factors more strongly than did total or saturated fat consumption. High-fiber
diets may protect against obesity and CVD by lowering insulin levels.
735 citations
TL;DR: An overview of current research on control charting methods for process monitoring and improvement and a historical perspective and ideas for future research are given.
Abstract: An overview is given of current research on control charting methods for process monitoring and improvement. A historical perspective and ideas for future research also are given. Research topics include: variable sample size and sampling interval met..
647 citations
TL;DR: This model rests on the assumption that many of the putative pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of antisocial behavior in girls, such as cognitive and neuropsychological deficits, a dysfunctional family environment, and/or the presence of a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, may be present in childhood, but they do not lead to severe and overt antissocial behavior until adolescence.
Abstract: Recent research has suggested that there are two distinct trajectories for the development of antisocial behavior in boys: a childhood-onset pathway and an adolescent-onset pathway. After reviewing the limited available research on antisocial girls, we propose that this influential method of conceptualizing the development of severe antisocial behavior may not apply to girls without some important modifications. Antisocial girls appear to show many of the correlates that have been associated with the childhood-onset pathway in boys, and they tend to show impaired adult adjustment, which is also similar to boys in the childhood-onset pathway. However, antisocial girls typically show an adolescent-onset to their antisocial behavior. We have proposed that these girls show a third developmental pathway which we have labeled the "delayed-onset" pathway. This model rests on the assumption that many of the putative pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of antisocial behavior in girls, such as cognitive and neuropsychological deficits, a dysfunctional family environment, and/or the presence of a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, may be present in childhood, but they do not lead to severe and overt antisocial behavior until adolescence. Therefore, we propose that the delayed-onset pathway for girls is analogous to the childhood-onset pathway in boys and that there is no analogous pathway in girls to the adolescent-onset pathway in boys. Although this model clearly needs to be tested in future research, it highlights the need to test the applicability of current theoretical models for explaining the development of antisocial behavior in girls.
583 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the youngest and the oldest drivers were more likely to be considered at-fault, and it was concluded that the primary problem with the young is risk-taking and lack of skill.
550 citations
TL;DR: This article found no relationship between interdependence and peace, but the pacific benefits of trade become evident among the politically relevant dyads (those including a major power, or two contiguous states), among whom the great majority of disputes occur.
Abstract: Some recent analyses challenge previous reports which show that economically important trade significantly reduces the probability of militarized disputes between countries. Beck et al. (1998) address the effect of temporal dependence in the time-series data on empirical support for the liberal peace, while Barbieri (1998) makes a number of important changes in theoretical specification and measurement. Using data for nearly the entire post-World War II era (1950-92), we first replicate the specifications of the challengers. When analyzing all dyads, we find no relationship between interdependence and peace, but the pacific benefits of trade become evident among the politically relevant dyads (those including a major power, or two contiguous states), among whom the great majority of disputes occur. Subsequently, we introduce, in stages, an alternative method of controlling for temporal dependence, our theoretically preferred measures of interdependence and proximity, and new dyadic estimates for unreported trade. With these sequential modifications we find increasingly strong support for the liberals' belief that economic interdependence and democracy have important pacific benefits. This support is largely robust to the methods of controlling for temporal dependence and to whether an attempt is made to explain involvement in disputes or merely their onset. We find no evidence that asymmetric trade increases conflict.
485 citations
TL;DR: It is important to identify patients with pancreatic necrosis so that appropriate management can be undertaken, and the treatment of these patients has shifted away from early surgical debridement to aggressive intensive medical care, with specific criteria for operative and nonoperative intervention.
Abstract: Acute pancreatitis may be clinically mild or severe. Severe acute pancreatitis is usually a result of pancreatic glandular necrosis. The morbidity and mortality associated with acute pancreatitis are substantially higher when necrosis is present, especially when the area of necrosis is also infected.1 It is important to identify patients with pancreatic necrosis so that appropriate management can be undertaken. In recent years, the treatment of these patients has shifted away from early surgical debridement (“necrosectomy”) to aggressive intensive medical care, with specific criteria for operative and nonoperative intervention.2,3 Advances in radiologic imaging and aggressive medical management with emphasis on . . .
481 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test Kantian and realist theories of interstate conflict using data extending over more than a century, treating those theories as complementary rather than competing, and find that high levels of democracy and economic interdependence in the international system reduce the probability of conflict for all dyads, not just for those that are democratic or dependent on trade.
Abstract: The authors test Kantian and realist theories of interstate conflict using data extending over more than a century, treating those theories as complementary rather than competing. As the classical liberals believed, democracy, economic interdependence, and international organizations have strong and statistically significant effects on reducing the probability that states will be involved in militarized disputes. Moreover, the benefits are not limited to the cold war era. Some realist influences, notably distance and power predominance, also reduce the likelihood of interstate conflict. The character of the international system, too, affects the probability of dyadic disputes. The consequences of having a strong hegemonic power vary, but high levels of democracy and interdependence in the international system reduce the probability of conflict for all dyads, not just for those that are democratic or dependent on trade.
471 citations
TL;DR: In a study of clinically referred children, it is found that measures of trait anxiety and fearlessness (low fearfulness) exhibited low correlations, and distinctions between traitxiety and fearful inhibition, as well as between the two dimensions of psychopathy, may help to clarify longstanding confusion.
Abstract: Although several theoretical models posit that low levels of anxiety are a risk factor for psychopathy and antisocial behavior, a number of studies have reported elevated levels of anxiety among antisocial individuals. Nevertheless, most investigators in this literature have not distinguished between fearfulness and trait anxiety or attempted to separate the antisocial lifestyle dimension from the callous and unemotional dimension of psychopathy. In a study of clinically referred children (N = 143), we found that (a) measures of trait anxiety and fearlessness (low fearfulness) exhibited low correlations; (b) conduct problems tended to be positively correlated with trait anxiety, whereas callous and unemotional traits tended to be negatively correlated with trait anxiety; and (c) controlling statistically for the effects of one dimension increased the divergent correlations of the other dimension with both trait anxiety and fearful inhibition. These findings bear potentially important implications for the diagnosis and etiology of psychopathy and antisocial behavior and suggest that distinctions between trait anxiety and fearful inhibition, as well as between the two dimensions of psychopathy, may help to clarify longstanding confusion in this literature.
TL;DR: The authors used responses from a survey of marketing professionals in a structural equation model linking antecedents and consequences of two dimensions of personal moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) and perceived moral intensity (PMI).
Abstract: This study uses responses from a survey of marketing professionals in a structural equation model linking antecedents and consequences of two dimensions of personal moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) and perceived moral intensity (PMI). Mixed support is found for hypothesized effects of gender, religiosity, education, experience, salary, and corporate ethical values on idealism and relativism. Idealism increases and relativism decreases PMI in four ethical scenarios. PMI increases perceptions of ethical problems, which reduce intentions to act unethically. The study tests whether relationships between variables, revealing that PMI has direct as well as indirect effects on intentions. Intentions are also influenced by gender: women have more ethical intentions than men, on average, and this effect is not mediated by other variables in the model.
TL;DR: Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA genes revealed low diversity in the gene population, and phylotypes were closely related to extant members of the alpha- and beta-Proteobacteria and the Actinomycetes.
Abstract: Data from ice 3590 meters below Vostok Station indicate that the ice was accreted from liquid water associated with Lake Vostok. Microbes were observed at concentrations ranging from 2.8 × 10 3 to 3.6 × 10 4 cells per milliliter; no biological incorporation of selected organic substrates or bicarbonate was detected. Bacterial 16 S ribosomal DNA genes revealed low diversity in the gene population. The phylotypes were closely related to extant members of the alpha - and beta - Proteobacteria and the Actinomycetes. Extrapolation of the data from accretion ice to Lake Vostok implies that Lake Vostok may support a microbial population, despite more than 10 6 years of isolation from the atmosphere.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of resources gained through relationships may play in marketing relationships and five propositions for assessing the strategic worth of these resources in relationship marketing relationships are presented, based on a resource-based approach.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Genetic deficiencies demonstrate that both L FA-1 and Mac-1 contribute to adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells and ICAM-1, but adhesion through LFA-1 overshadows the contribution from Mac- 1.
Abstract: To differentiate the unique and overlapping functions of LFA-1 and Mac-1, LFA-1-deficient mice were developed by targeted homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, and neutrophil function was compared in vitro and in vivo with Mac-1-deficient, CD18-deficient, and wild-type mice. LFA-1-deficient mice exhibit leukocytosis but do not develop spontaneous infections, in contrast to CD18-deficient mice. After zymosan-activated serum stimulation, LFA-1-deficient neutrophils demonstrated activation, evidenced by up-regulation of surface Mac-1, but did not show increased adhesion to purified ICAM-1 or endothelial cells, similar to CD18-deficient neutrophils. Adhesion of Mac-1-deficient neutrophils significantly increased with stimulation, although adhesion was lower than for wild-type neutrophils. Evaluation of the strength of adhesion through LFA-1, Mac-1, and CD18 indicated a marked reduction in firm attachment, with increasing shear stress in LFA-1-deficient neutrophils, similar to CD18-deficient neutrophils, and only a modest reduction in Mac-1-deficient neutrophils. Leukocyte influx in a subcutaneous air pouch in response to TNF-alpha was reduced by 67% and 59% in LFA-1- and CD18-deficient mice but increased by 198% in Mac-1-deficient mice. Genetic deficiencies demonstrate that both LFA-1 and Mac-1 contribute to adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells and ICAM-1, but adhesion through LFA-1 overshadows the contribution from Mac-1. Neutrophil extravasation in response to TNF-alpha in LFA-1-deficient mice dramatically decreased, whereas neutrophil extravasation in Mac-1-deficient mice markedly increased.
TL;DR: The field of Human Resource Management (HRM) has evolved considerably over the past century, and experienced a major transformation in form and function primarily within the past two decades as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was observed that the scale of ICs or "computer chips" has halved, at first every 2 years, then every 18 months; this brought a concomitant increase in computing speed and an astonishing decrease in unit cost.
Abstract: In 1959, the late Richard P. Feynman proposed, in his usual witty way, that there was “plenty of room at the bottom”, i.e., that atomic and molecular dimensions had not yet been exploited in information storage.1 In electronic technology, what was initially called “microminiaturization” did provide fantastic economies of scale, cost, and speed: the integrated circuits (IC) introduced by Noyce and Kilby were the beginning of this trend. It was observed that the scale of ICs or “computer chips” has halved, at first every 2 years, then every 18 months;2 this brought a concomitant increase in computing speed (“VAX on a chip”, then “Cray on a chip”) and an astonishing decrease in unit cost. However, there is trouble ahead. Circuit designers talk about “design rules”, the closest distance between adjacent electronic components in the IC. These design rules define the clock cycle, which is the time required to travel between the furthest components on the chip: shorter cycles mean faster computing. These design rules have now crept down to about 180 nm commercially. If photolithography is used, the design rules are limited, by Rayleigh’s criterion,3 to about one-half the wavelength of light used. Capacitative coupling between components and heat dissipation are perennial headaches. Three-dimensional integration (rather than planar integration) has remained an elusive goal. To achieve better performance, i.e., going to design rules of 100 nm or below, requires abandoning UV radiation and resorting to X-ray or electron beam lithography, with much higher error rates. At 50 nm, an even more drastic limit sets in: one can no longer “dope” Si uniformly. Present projections are that this 50 nm “silicon wall” will be reached by the year 2005.4 The idea of using molecules as electronic devices has gained attention and respectability in the past quarter century. By chemical insertion of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, molecules can become oneelectron donors (D) or one-electron acceptors (A). To work properly, the oxidation or reduction of these molecules must be chemically reversible. In group IV chemistry (today, group 14: Si, Ge), one dopes a crystal of Ge or Si with dilute concentrations of interstitial or substitutional electron-rich elements (group V, or 15: N, P, As, etc.) to achieve an “n-doped” material. To make a “p-doped” crystal, one dopes with group III (or 13: Al, Ga, In, etc.). Thus, “D” corresponds to “n”, and “A” corresponds to “p”. By accosting a micrometer-thick film of organic D molecules to a micrometer-thick film of an organic A molecules, one gets a microscopic DA rectifier (one-way conductor) of electrical current, equivalent to an inorganic pn rectifier.5 In the 1960s, and particularly in the early 1970s, organic charge-transfer crystals and conducting polymers yielded organic equivalents of inorganic electronic systems: semiconductors, metals, superconductors, batteries, etc.6 But this wave of “me-too-ism” did not create a new technology: the organic systems did not perform better, or less expensively, than their inorganic counterparts. The two niche areas that survived are liquid crystal displays and (maybe) light-emitting diodes based on conducting polymers. In the early 1980s, sparked by three scientific conferences organized by the late Forrest L. Carter, the idea of “molecular electronics”, that is, electronic devices consisting solely of molecules, gained large-scale interest.7-9 Aficionados of biological processes started talking about “biomolecular electronics”. The term “molecular electronics” was extended to all electronic properties of polymers, crystals, etc.swhat we might call “large-scale molecular electronics”. This field, as outlined above, has not fared well in the marketplace. A persistent view has been that unimolecular, or “oligomolecular”,10,11 or “molecular-scale” 12 electronics have a very bright future, just as the new millennium begins. Molecules, with their 1-3 nm sizes, should step in where inorganic chemistry finally fails. Thus, unimolecular electronics will come to the rescue: they will finally find a central role in electronic technology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the association between parenting practices and conduct problem behavior in a sample of 179 clinic-referred children and adolescents, and assessed the parent's practices using a m...
Abstract: The authors studied the association between parenting practices and conduct problem behavior in a sample of 179 clinic-referred children and adolescents. Parenting practices were assessed using a m...
TL;DR: It is reported that immature ER forms of CFTR and ΔF508 CFTR can be isolated in complexes with H dj‐2 and Hsc70, and a putative step in the CFTR folding pathway catalyzed by Hdj‐2/Hsc70 is the formation of an intramolecular NBD1–R‐domain complex.
Abstract: The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride ion channel constructed from two membrane-spanning domains (MSDs), two nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) and a regulatory (R) domain. The NBDs and R-domain are cytosolic and how they are assembled with the MSDs to achieve the native CFTR structure is not clear. Human DnaJ 2 (Hdj-2) is a co-chaperone of heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) which is localized to the cytosolic face of the ER. Whether Hdj-2 directs Hsc70 to facilitate the assembly of cytosolic regions on CFTR was investigated. We report that immature ER forms of CFTR and DeltaF508 CFTR can be isolated in complexes with Hdj-2 and Hsc70. The DeltaF508 mutation is localized in NBD1 and causes the CFTR to misfold. Levels of complex formation between DeltaF508 CFTR and Hdj-2/Hsp70 were approximately 2-fold higher than those with CFTR. The earliest stage at which Hdj-2/Hsc70 could bind CFTR translation intermediates coincided with the expression of NBD1 in the cytosol. Interestingly, complex formation between Hdj-2 and nascent CFTR was greatly reduced after expression of the R-domain. In experiments with purified components, Hdj-2 and Hsc70 acted synergistically to suppress NBD1 aggregation. Collectively, these data suggest that Hdj-2 and Hsc70 facilitate early steps in CFTR assembly. A putative step in the CFTR folding pathway catalyzed by Hdj-2/Hsc70 is the formation of an intramolecular NBD1-R-domain complex. Whether this step is defective in the biogenesis of DeltaF508 CFTR will be discussed.
TL;DR: The Defining Issues Test (DIT) as mentioned in this paper is based on Kohlberg's approach but makes several departures, including defining cognitive structures in terms of schemas instead of stages, reformulating the definition of postconventional moral thinking, and using different research strategies.
Abstract: “Macromorality” concerns the formal structure of society, as defined by institutions, rules, and roles “Micromorality” concerns the particular face-to-face relations that people have in everyday life Kohlbergian theories are most useful for issues of macromorality The Defining Issues Test (DIT) derives from Kohlberg's approach but makes several departures, including defining cognitive structures in terms of schemas instead of stages, reformulating the definition of postconventional moral thinking, and using different research strategies The validity of the DIT is based on seven criteria (briefly discussed), and hundreds of studies have produced significant trends Recent research derived from schema theory produces novel phenomena that link our theory of moral schemas more closely with information processing and decision making
TL;DR: The authors investigated the impact of arousing content and fast-paced production of viewers' information processing of TV messages on self-reported arousal and found that the combination of fast pace and aroused content overloads the processing system resulting in less recognition and cued recall for the specific content of the message.
Abstract: The limited capacity model of television viewing is used to investigate the impact of arousing content and fast paced production of viewers’ information processing of TV messages. Results show that both fast pace and arousing content elicit self‐reported arousal, but they elicit different patterns of physiological arousal. Both fast pace and arousing content increase the allocation of processing resources to messages. The combination of fast pace and arousing content overloads the processing system resulting in less recognition and cued recall for the specific content of the message. Results generally support the limited capacity theory of television viewing.
TL;DR: This paper found that the witnessing of severe domestic violence was related not only to juvenile sex offending but also to contact offending in general, and that poor impulse control, a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, and sexist attitudes toward women were tested as potential mediators of this relation.
Abstract: Juvenile sex offenders were compared to other juvenile offenders in the degree of violence against women they witnessed in their families of origin. Poor impulse control, a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, and sexist attitudes toward women were tested as potential mediators of this relation. Participants were 70 incarcerated juvenile males, ages 13 to 18, from three offender categories: 23 sex offenders, 17 violent offenders, and 30 noncontact offenders. Results indicated that the witnessing of severe domestic violence was related not only to juvenile sex offending but to contact offending in general. There were no group differences on measures of poor impulse control or sexist attitudes toward women. However, sex offenders were found to have more callous and unemotional traits than other offenders. Therefore, although these traits do not mediate the effects of witnessing family violence, they do seem to be important in distinguishing juvenile sex offenders from other juvenile offenders.
TL;DR: Findings support the need to treat symptoms, particularly depression, and to understand clients' perceptions of their environment as strategies to enhance adherence, and expand the concept of adherence in HIV care beyond medication adherence to include following instructions and keeping appointments.
Abstract: This study examined the relationships between the five dimensions of the Wilson and Cleary model of health-related quality of life and three self-reported adherence measures in persons living with HIV using a descriptive survey design. Data collection occurred in seven cities across the United States, including university-based AIDS clinics, private practices, public and for-profit hospitals, residential and day-care facilities, community-based organizations, and home care. The three dependent adherence measures studied were "medication nonadherence," "follows provider advice," and "missed appointments." The sample included 420 persons living with HIV disease with a mean age of 39 years of which 20% were women and 51% were white; subjects had a mean CD4 count of 321 mm3. HIV-positive clients with higher symptom scores, particularly depression, were more likely to be nonadherent to medication, not to follow provider advice, and to miss appointments. Participants who reported having a meaningful life, feeli...
TL;DR: This paper focuses on two recent approaches that have great potential for integrating past subtyping approaches and for advancing causal theory, and to designate children within the childhood-onset group who show callous and unemotional traits, analogous to adult conceptualizations of psychopathy.
Abstract: There has been growing consensus that children with conduct disorder (CD) constitute a very heterogeneous group containing children who vary substantially on the development, course, and causes of the disorder While many have recognized the importance of this heterogeneity for developing better causal theories and for developing more effective treatments, there has been little consensus as to the best way to subtype children with CD In this paper, we review a number of approaches to subtyping, each with some evidence for its validity for certain purposes We focus on two recent approaches that have great potential for integrating past subtyping approaches and for advancing causal theory The first approach is the division of children with CD into those with a childhood onset to their severe antisocial behavior and those with an adolescent onset to their behavior The second approach is to designate children within the childhood-onset group who show callous and unemotional traits, which is analogous to adult conceptualizations of psychopathy Both approaches help designate children who many show different causal processes underlying their severe aggressive and antisocial behavior, and who may warrant different approaches to treatment
TL;DR: These studies show that defensins enhance systemic IgG, but not IgA, Ab responses through help provided by CD4(+) Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and foster B and T cell interactions to link innate immunity with the adaptive immune system.
Abstract: Human neutrophil peptide (HNP) defensins were studied to determine their potential effects on adaptive mucosal immunity. Intranasal delivery of HNPs plus ovalbumin (OVA) enhanced OVA-specific serum IgG antibody (Ab) responses. However, OVA-specific IgA Abs were not induced in mucosal secretions or in serum. CD4+ T cells of intranasally immunized mice displayed higher OVA-specific proliferative responses and elevated production of interferon γ, interleukin (IL) 5, IL-6, and IL-10 when compared with control groups receiving OVA alone. In vitro, HNPs also enhanced both proliferative responses and T helper (Th) cytokine secretion profiles of CD3ɛ-stimulated spleen- and Peyer’s patch-derived naive CD4+ T cells. HNPs modulated the expression of costimulatory molecules by lipopolysaccharide- or CD3ɛ-stimulated splenic and Peyer’s patch B or T cell populations, respectively. These studies show that defensins enhance systemic IgG, but not IgA, Ab responses through help provided by CD4+ Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and foster B and T cell interactions to link innate immunity with the adaptive immune system.
École Polytechnique1, University of Paris-Sud2, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, Goddard Space Flight Center5, California Institute of Technology6, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University7, University of Burgundy8, Université libre de Bruxelles9, University of Strathclyde10, Université catholique de Louvain11, University of Massachusetts Lowell12, University of Denver13, Stony Brook University14, University of Bremen15, Langley Research Center16, École Centrale Paris17, Technische Universität München18, University of Alabama19
TL;DR: The current version of the GEISA-97 database is described in this paper, which contains 1,346,266 entries and includes a catalog of absorption cross-sections of molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons which exhibit unresolvable spectra.
Abstract: The current version GEISA-97 of the computer-accessible database system GEISA (Gestion et Etude des Informations Spectroscopiques Atmospheriques: Management and Study of Atmospheric Spectroscopic Information) is described. This catalogue contains 1,346,266 entries. These are spectroscopic parameters required to describe adequately the individual spectral lines belonging to 42 molecules (96 isotopic species) and located between 0 and 22,656 cm-1. The featured molecules are of interest in studies of the terrestrial as well as the other planetary atmospheres, especially those of the Giant Planets. GEISA-97 contains also a catalog of absorption cross-sections of molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons which exhibit unresolvable spectra. The modifications and improvements made to the earlier edition (GEISA-92) and the data management software are described. GEISA-97 and the associated management software are accessible from the ARA/LMD (Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique du CNRS, France) web site: http://ara01.polytechnique.fr/registration.
TL;DR: The tetramethylammonium counterion was used to suppress formation of insoluble uranate salts, M2U2O7, and allow for a detailed structural and spectroscopic characterization of UO2(OH)n2-n (n = 4, 5) under highly alkaline aqueous solution conditions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The tetramethylammonium counterion was used to suppress formation of insoluble uranate salts, M2U2O7, and allow for a detailed structural and spectroscopic characterization of UO2(OH)n2-n (n = 4, 5) under highly alkaline aqueous solution conditions. Single crystals of [Co(NH3)6]2[UO2(OH)4]3·H2O were obtained by cooling a dilute solution of Co(NH3)6Cl3 and UO2(NO3)2·6H2O in 3.5 M (Me4N)OH to 5 °C. The asymmetric unit contains three distinct UO2(OH)42- ions, each displaying a pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry with trans oxo ligands. The three independent UO2(OH)42- ions in the unit cell give average UO and U−OH distances of 1.82(1) and 2.26(2) A, respectively. EXAFS data on solid [Co(NH3)6]2[UO2(OH)4]3·H2O and aqueous UO22+ in 3.5 M (Me4N)OH solution were collected at the U LIII edge, and the resulting radial distribution function shows a single asymmetric peak. For the solid and solution, curve fitting reveals two near neighbors. For the crystalline solid, the first shell was fit with two O atoms at ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ a stochastic frontier technique to estimate managerial efficiency levels in the hotel industry and obtain an average efficiency of 89.4%, with the most and least efficient hotels operating at a 92.1% and a 84.3% efficiency level, respectively.