Showing papers by "University of Arkansas published in 2007"
TL;DR: A field experiment in which normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation, offering an explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggesting how such appeals should be properly crafted.
Abstract: Despite a long tradition of effectiveness in laboratory tests, normative messages have had mixed success in changing behavior in field contexts, with some studies showing boomerang effects. To test a theoretical account of this inconsistency, we conducted a field exper- iment in which normative messages were used to promote householdenergyconservation.Aspredicted,adescriptive normative message detailing average neighborhood usage produced either desirable energy savings or the undesir- able boomerang effect, depending on whether households were already consuming at a low or high rate. Also as predicted, adding an injunctive message (conveying social approval or disapproval) eliminated the boomerang effect. The results offer an explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggest how such appeals should be properly crafted.
2,987 citations
TL;DR: The results support the argument that habit acts as a moderating variable of the relationship between intentions and IS continuance behavior, which may put a boundary condition on the explanatory power of intentions in the context of continued IS usage.
Abstract: Past research in the area of information systems acceptance has primarily focused on initial adoption under the implicit assumption that IS usage is mainly determined by intention. While plausible in the case of initial IS adoption, this assumption may not be as readily applicable to continued IS usage behavior since it ignores that frequently performed behaviors tend to become habitual and thus automatic over time.
This paper is a step forward in defining and incorporating the "habit" construct into IS research. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of habit and its antecedents in the context of continued IS usage.
Building on previous work in other disciplines, we define habit in the context of IS usage as the extent to which people tend to perform behaviors (use IS) automatically because of learning. Using recent work on the continued usage of IS (IS continuance), we have developed a model suggesting that continued IS usage is not only a consequence of intention, but also of habit. In particular, in our research model, we propose IS habit to moderate the influence of intention such that its importance in determining behavior decreases as the behavior in question takes on a more habitual nature. Integrating past research on habit and IS continuance further, we suggest how antecedents of behavior/behavioral intention as identified by IS continuance research relate to drivers of habitualization.
We empirically tested the model in the context of voluntary continued WWW usage. Our results support the argument that habit acts as a moderating variable of the relationship between intentions and IS continuance behavior, which may put a boundary condition on the explanatory power of intentions in the context of continued IS usage. The data also support that satisfaction, frequency of past behavior, and comprehensiveness of usage are key to habit formation and thus relevant in the context of IS continuance behavior. Implications of these findings are discussed and managerial guidelines presented.
1,774 citations
TL;DR: A new synthetic route for the synthesis of nearly monodisperse gold nanocrystals in the size range from 20 to 40 nm is demonstrated by simply varying the solution pH with fixed concentrations of HAuCl4 and Na3Ct.
Abstract: Growth kinetics and temporal size/shape evolution of gold nanocrystals by citrate reduction in boiling water were studied systematically and quantitatively. Results reveal that the size variation and overall reaction mechanism were mostly determined by the solution pH that was in turn controlled by the concentration of sodium citrate (Na3Ct) in the traditional Frens's synthesis. This conclusion was further confirmed by the reactions with variable pH but fixed concentrations of the two reactants, HAuCl4 and Na3Ct. Two substantially different reaction pathways were identified, with the switching point at pH = 6.2−6.5. The first pathway is for the low pH range and consists of three overlapping steps: nucleation, random attachment to polycrystalline nanowires, and smoothing of the nanowires via intra-particle ripening to dots. The second pathway that occurred above the pH switching point is consistent with the commonly known nucleation-growth route. Using the second pathway, we demonstrated a new synthetic r...
1,141 citations
TL;DR: A remarkable network of centuries-long annual tree-ring chronologies has now allowed for the reconstruction of past drought over North America covering the past 1000 or more years in most regions as mentioned in this paper.
765 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that strategic management's success as a field emerges from an underlying consensus that enables it to attract multiple perspectives, while still maintaining its coherent distinctiveness, as tacitly held by its members.
Abstract: It is commonly asserted that the field of strategic management is fragmented and lacks a coherent identity. This skepticism, however, is paradoxically at odds with the great success that strategic management has enjoyed. How might one explain this paradox? We seek answers to this question by relying first on a large-scale survey of strategic management scholars from which we derive an implicit consensual definition of the field—as tacitly held by its members. We then supplement this implicit definition with an examination of the espoused definitions of the field obtained from a group of boundary-spanning scholars. Our findings suggest that strategic management's success as a field emerges from an underlying consensus that enables it to attract multiple perspectives, while still maintaining its coherent distinctiveness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
750 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of the item adequacy, factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Disgust Scale suggested that 7 items should be considered for removal from the DS, as patients with OCD washing concerns scored significantly higher than patients without washing concerns on both Coredisgust and Contamination-Based DisGust, but not on Animal Reminder DisgUST.
Abstract: In the 4 studies presented (N 1,939), a converging set of analyses was conducted to evaluate the item adequacy, factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Disgust Scale (DS; J. Haidt, C. McCauley, & P. Rozin, 1994). The results suggest that 7 items (i.e., Items 2, 7, 8, 21, 23, 24, and 25) should be considered for removal from the DS. Secondary to removing the items, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the DS taps 3 dimensions of disgust: Core Disgust, Animal Reminder Disgust, and Contamination-Based Disgust. Women scored higher than men on the 3 disgust dimensions. Structural modeling provided support for the specificity of the 3-factor model, as Core Disgust and Contamination-Based Disgust were significantly predictive of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) concerns, whereas Animal Reminder Disgust was not. Results from a clinical sample indicated that patients with OCD washing concerns scored significantly higher than patients with OCD without washing concerns on both Core Disgust and Contamination-Based Disgust, but not on Animal Reminder Disgust. These findings are discussed in the context of the refinement of the DS to promote a more psychometrically sound assessment of disgust sensitivity.
687 citations
TL;DR: This paper compares the progress in the area of technology adoption with two widely-researched streams in psychology and organizational behavior: theory of planned behavior and job satisfaction to conclude that there has been excellent progress in technology adoption research.
Abstract: Research on individual-level technology adoption is one of the most mature streams of information systems (IS) research. In this paper, we compare the progress in the area of technology adoption with two widely-researched streams in psychology and organizational behavior: theory of planned behavior and job satisfaction. In addition to gauging the progress in technology adoption research, this allows us to identify some fruitful areas for future research. Based on our comparison, we conclude that there has been excellent progress in technology adoption research. However, as a next step, we call for research focused on interventions, contingencies, and alternative theoretical perspectives (to the largely social psychologybased technology adoption research. Also, we believe it would be important to use the comparisons discussed here as a basis to develop a framework-driven set of future research directions to guide further work in this area.
654 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the attempt of a high-technology R&D organization to transform into a market-oriented organization by "grafting" new, non-technological knowledge.
Abstract: We investigated the attempt of a high-technology R&D organization to transform into a market-oriented organization by “grafting” new, nontechnological knowledge. The intended strategic transformati...
652 citations
TL;DR: Examination of specific domains of QOL suggests that impairments may be particularly prominent among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, and QOL domains of mental health and social functioning were associated with the highest levels of impairment among anxiety disorder patients.
640 citations
TL;DR: If natal homing of larvae is a common life-history strategy, the appropriate spatial scales for the management and conservation of coral reefs are likely to be much smaller than previously assumed.
Abstract: The scale of larval dispersal of marine organisms is important for the design of networks of marine protected areas. We examined the fate of coral reef fish larvae produced at a small island reserve, using a mass-marking method based on maternal transmission of stable isotopes to offspring. Approximately 60% of settled juveniles were spawned at the island, for species with both short ( 1 month) pelagic larval durations. If natal homing of larvae is a common life-history strategy, the appropriate spatial scales for the management and conservation of coral reefs are likely to be much smaller than previously assumed.
568 citations
TL;DR: Highly emissive d-dots synthesized under desired conditions were found to be extremely stable upon thermal treatment up to the boiling point of the solvent (about 300 degrees C), which was quantitatively studied using in situ measurements.
Abstract: Formation of Mn-doped ZnSe quantum dots (Mn:ZnSe d-dots) using nucleation-doping strategy was studied systematically and optimized through greener approaches. The resulting d-dots were with high (∼50%) photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY), which was achieved by the controlled formation of small-sized MnSe nanoclusters as the core and a diffused interface between the nanocluster core and the ZnSe overcoating layers. Synthesis of the d-dots under high temperatures (240−300 °C) was achieved by varying the structure of the metal carboxylate precursors, concentration of the inhibitors, free fatty acid, and concentration of the activation reagents, fatty amines. Highly emissive d-dots synthesized under desired conditions were found to be extremely stable upon thermal treatment up to the boiling point of the solvent (about 300 °C), which was quantitatively studied using in situ measurements. The PL peak of the d-dots was controllably tuned in a surprisingly large optical window, from 565 to 610 nm. These hi...
TL;DR: High quality InP nanocrystals in the size range from 1 to 8 nm were synthesize at relatively low temperature (<190 °C) and the thiol ligand replacement did not quench the emission, and the resulting water-soluble nanocry crystals were stable under ambient co...
Abstract: High quality InP nanocrystals in the size range from 1 to 8 nm were synthesize at relatively low temperature (<190 °C). The low temperature was enabled by the activation of In carboxylate precursors with fatty amines. The reduced temperature enabled the elimination of the thorough degassing step usually needed in the existing schemes. By simply varying the concentration and chain length of the ligand and activation reagents, the absorption peak position was tuned continuously from 390 to 720 nm without prolonged heating. This new synthetic scheme further enabled the direct synthesis of InP/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals in a one-pot fashion. The resulting InP/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals can emit from about 450 to 750 nm, with a quantum yield as high as over 40%. The bright core/shell nanocrystals were stable in air and could be dispersed in water with hydrophilic thiols ligands. The thiol ligand replacement did not quench the emission, and the resulting water-soluble nanocrystals were stable under ambient co...
TL;DR: Qualitative analysis suggested that across a number of studies the researchers made statistical generalizations that were not sufficiently warranted—culminating in interpretive inconsistency and contributing to crises of representation, legitimation, integration, and politics.
Abstract: A sequential design utilizing identical samples was used to classify mixed methods studies via a two-dimensional model, wherein sampling designs were grouped according to the time orientation of ea...
TL;DR: Recognition of a biotin pattern by d-dots conjugated with avidine was carried to illustrate the suitability of these efficient (about 40% PL quantum yield), stable, small, and water-soluble d-Dots as biomedical labeling reagents.
Abstract: Mn2+-doped ZnSe quantum dots (Mn:ZnSe d-dots) with a tunable photoluminescence (PL) peak position were made to be water soluble by coating them with a monolayer of mercaptopropionic acid, a very short hydrophilic thiol. If the dopant centers were located close to the surface, thiol-coating partially quenched the PL. With about 2−3 monolayers of pure ZnSe on the surface, the PL of d-dots was actually enhanced upon thiol coating. When the doping centers were placed reasonably inside a d-dot, with about four monolayers of pure ZnSe between the doping centers and the surface ligands, the thiol ligands did not quench the PL of the d-dots, even though they did completely quench the PL of intrinsic ZnSe quantum dots. The overall size of such d-dots/ligand complex is only about 7−8 nm, implying an excellent permeability in biological issues. These d-dots were found to be exceptionally stable against continuous UV radiation in air for at least 25 days. They were also stable in boiling water with air bubbling under...
TL;DR: This work has investigated the interface between high-temperature superconducting (Y,Ca)Ba2Cu3O7 and metallic La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 by resonant x-ray spectroscopy and indicates the formation of a strong chemical bond between Cu and Mn atoms across the interface.
Abstract: Orbital reconstructions and covalent bonding must be considered as important factors in the rational design of oxide heterostructures with engineered physical properties. We have investigated the interface between high-temperature superconducting (Y,Ca)Ba(2)Cu3O7 and metallic La(0.67)Ca(0.33)MnO3 by resonant x-ray spectroscopy. A charge of about -0.2 electron is transferred from Mn to Cu ions across the interface and induces a major reconstruction of the orbital occupation and orbital symmetry in the interfacial CuO2 layers. In particular, the Cu d(3z(2)-r(2)) orbital, which is fully occupied and electronically inactive in the bulk, is partially occupied at the interface. Supported by exact-diagonalization calculations, these data indicate the formation of a strong chemical bond between Cu and Mn atoms across the interface. Orbital reconstructions and associated covalent bonding are thus important factors in determining the physical properties of oxide heterostructures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the financial benefits of information technology investments around newly adopted IT-based supply chain management (SCM) systems by 123 manufacturing firms over the period 1994-2000.
TL;DR: The same model systems that are used to explore direct molecular interactions between plants and aphids can be utilized to study the ecological context in which they occur.
TL;DR: The results suggest that Al3+ toxicity is associated with induction of oxidative stress in rice plants and among antioxidative enzymes SOD, Guaiacol POX and cytosolic APX appear to serve as important components of an antioxidative defense mechanism under Al 3+ toxicity.
Abstract: When seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Pant-12 were raised in sand cultures containing 80 and 160 μM Al3+ in the medium for 5–20 days, a regular increase in Al3+ uptake with a concomitant decrease in the length of roots as well as shoots was observed. Al3+ treatment of 160 μM resulted in increased generation of superoxide anion (O2
−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), elevated amount of malondialdehyde, soluble protein and oxidized glutathione and decline in the concentrations of thiols (-SH) and ascorbic acid. Among antioxidative enzymes, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD EC 1.15.1.1), guaiacol peroxidase (Guaiacol POX EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX EC 1.11.1.11), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR EC 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.8.5.1) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) increased significantly, whereas the activities of catalase (EC EC 1.11.1.6) and chloroplastic APX declined in 160 μM Al3+ stressed seedlings as compared to control seedlings. The results suggest that Al3+ toxicity is associated with induction of oxidative stress in rice plants and among antioxidative enzymes SOD, Guaiacol POX and cytosolic APX appear to serve as important components of an antioxidative defense mechanism under Al3+ toxicity. PAGE analysis confirmed the increased activity as well as appearance of new isoenzymes of APX in Al3+ stressed seedlings. Immunoblot analysis revealed that changes in the activities of APX are due to changes in the amounts of enzyme protein. Similar findings were obtained when the experiments were repeated using another popular rice cv. Malviya-36.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixed linear model method was used to disclose marker-trait associations in rice genome-wide mapping association, which is a viable alternative to QTL mapping based on crosses between different lines.
Abstract: To make advances in rice breeding it is important to understand the relatedness and ancestry of introduced rice accessions, and identify SSR markers associated with agronomically important phenotypic traits, for example yield. Ninety-two rice germplasm accessions recently introduced from seven geographic regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and eleven US cultivars, included as checks, were evaluated for yield and kernel characteristics, and genotyped with 123 SSR markers. The SSR markers were highly polymorphic across all accessions. Population structure analysis identified eight main clusters for the accessions which corresponded to the major geographic regions, indicating agreement between genetic and predefined populations. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and distributions are of fundamental importance for genome-wide mapping association. LD between linked markers decreased with distance and with a substantial drop in LD decay values between 20 and 30 cM, suggesting it should be possible to achieve resolution down to the 25 cM level. For the 103 cultivars, the complex traits yield, kernel width, kernel length, kernel width/length ratio, and 1000-kernel weight, were estimated by analysis of variety trial data. The mixed linear model method was used to disclose marker-trait associations. Many of the associated markers were located in regions where QTL had previously been identified. In conclusion, association mapping in rice is a viable alternative to QTL mapping based on crosses between different lines.
TL;DR: It is shown that resonance fluorescence, i.e., the resonant emission of a coherently driven two-level system, can be realized with a semiconductor quantum dot and second-order correlation measurements further confirm nonclassical light emission.
Abstract: We show that resonance fluorescence, i.e., the resonant emission of a coherently driven two-level system, can be realized with a semiconductor quantum dot. The dot is embedded in a planar optical microcavity and excited in a waveguide mode so as to discriminate its emission from residual laser scattering. The transition from the weak to the strong excitation regime is characterized by the emergence of oscillations in the first-order correlation function of the fluorescence, $g(\ensuremath{\tau})$, as measured by interferometry. The measurements correspond to a Mollow triplet with a Rabi splitting of up to $13.3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$. Second-order correlation measurements further confirm nonclassical light emission.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that PCCP achieves efficient congestion control and flexible weighted fairness for both single-path and multi-path routing, as a result this leads to higher energy efficiency and better QoS in terms of both packet loss rate and delay.
Abstract: Congestion in wireless sensor networks not only causes packet loss, but also leads to excessive energy consumption. Therefore congestion in WSNs needs to be controlled in order to prolong system lifetime. In addition, this is also necessary to improve fairness and provide better quality of service (QoS), which is required by multimedia applications in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a novel upstream congestion control protocol for WSNs, called priority-based congestion control protocol (PCCP). Unlike existing work, PCCP innovatively measures congestion degree as the ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP still introduced node priority index to reflect the importance of each sensor node. Based on the introduced congestion degree and node priority index, PCCP utilizes a cross-layer optimization and imposes a hop-by-hop approach to control congestion. We have demonstrated that PCCP achieves efficient congestion control and flexible weighted fairness for both single-path and multi-path routing, as a result this leads to higher energy efficiency and better QoS in terms of both packet loss rate and delay.
TL;DR: The authors measured ionic current blockages caused by protein translocation through voltage-biased silicon nitride nanopores in ionic solution and demonstrated that a larger protein fibrinogen could be distinguished from BSA by a solid-state nanopore measurement.
Abstract: The authors measured ionic current blockages caused by protein translocation through voltage-biased silicon nitride nanopores in ionic solution. By calculating the mean amplitude, time duration, and the integral of current blockages, they estimated the relative charge and size of protein molecules at a single molecule level. The authors measured the change in protein charge of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein induced by pH variation. They also confirmed that BSA molecules indeed traverse nanopores using an improved chemiluminescent analysis. They demonstrated that a larger protein fibrinogen could be distinguished from BSA by a solid-state nanopore measurement.
TL;DR: In this article, the capability of SiC power semiconductor devices, in particular JFET and Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs), for application in high-temperature power electronics was evaluated.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the capability of SiC power semiconductor devices, in particular JFET and Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) for application in high-temperature power electronics. SiC JFETs and SBDs were packaged in high temperature packages to measure the dc characteristics of these SiC devices at ambient temperatures ranging from 25degC (room temperature) up to 450degC. The results show that both devices can operate at 450degC, which is impossible for conventional Si devices, at the expense of significant derating. The current capability of the SiC SBD does not change with temperature, but as expected the JFET current decreases with rising temperatures. A 100 V, 25 W dc-dc converter is used as an example of a high-temperature power-electronics circuit because of circuit simplicity. The converter is designed and built in accordance with the static characteristics of the SiC devices measured under extremely high ambient temperatures, and then tested up to an ambient temperature of 400degC. The conduction loss of the SiC JFET increases slightly with increasing temperatures, as predicted from its dc characteristics, but its switching characteristics hardly change. Thus, SiC devices are well suited for operation in harsh temperature environments like aerospace and automotive applications.
TL;DR: Data indicate that meat quality differences exist between genotypes with different growth rates and raised in alternative production systems, and the type of diet had little impact on meat quality.
TL;DR: Equivalent circuit analysis indicated that the bulk medium resistance, double layer capacitance, and dielectric capacitance were responsible for the impedance change due to the presence of E. coli O157:H7 cells on the surface of IDAM.
Abstract: A microfluidic flow cell with embedded gold interdigitated array microelectrode (IDAM) was developed and integrated with magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates (MNAC) into an impedance biosensor to rapidly detect pathogenic bacteria in ground beef samples. The flow cell consisting of a detection microchamber and inlet and outlet microchannels was fabricated by bonding an IDAM chip to a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannel. The detection microchamber with a dimension of 6 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.02 mm and a volume of 60 nL was used to collect bacterial cells in the active layer above the microelectrode for sensitive impedance change. MNAC were prepared by conjugating streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles with biotin-labeled polyclonal goat anti-E. coli antibodies and were used in the separation and concentration of target bacteria. The cells of E. coli O157:H7 inoculated in a food sample were first captured by the MNAC, separated, and concentrated by applying a magnetic field, washed, and then suspended in mannitol solution and finally injected through the microfluidic flow cell for impedance measurement. This impedance biosensor was able to detect as low as 1.6 × 102 and 1.2 × 103 cells of E. coli O157:H7 cells present in pure culture and ground beef sample, respectively. The total detection time from sampling to measurement was 35 min. Equivalent circuit analysis indicated that the bulk medium resistance, double layer capacitance, and dielectric capacitance were responsible for the impedance change due to the presence of E. coli O157:H7 cells on the surface of IDAM. Sample pre-enrichment, secondary antibodies on the microelectrode surface, and redox probes were not required in this impedance biosensor.
TL;DR: An impedance biosensor based on interdigitated array microelectrode coupled with magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates (MNAC) was developed and evaluated and it was observed that bulk resistance and double layer capacitance were responsible for the impedance change caused by the presence of E. coli O157:H7 on the surface of IDAM.
TL;DR: The simultaneously opened dual electromagnetically induced transparency windows in this four-level atomic system allow observation of these two nonlinear optical processes at the same time, which enables detailed studies of the interplay between the FWM and SWM processes.
Abstract: Highly efficient four-wave mixing (FWM) and six-wave mixing (SWM) processes can coexist in a four-level Y-type atomic system due to atomic coherence The simultaneously opened dual electromagnetically induced transparency windows in this four-level atomic system allow observation of these two nonlinear optical processes at the same time, which enables detailed studies of the interplay between the FWM and SWM processes Three-photon and five-photon destructive interferences are also observed
TL;DR: A direct result of studying the surface ligand dynamics of this well-established nanocrystal system was the formation of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals under much reduced temperature, 150 degrees C, in comparison to the standard 250-350 degrees C temperature range.
Abstract: Amine ligands were identified to bond on the surface of CdSe nanocrystals in a dynamic fashion under elevated temperatures in the reproducible growth domain of the specific designed growth reactions. The surface ligand dynamics was found to strongly depend on the growth temperature, the ligand concentration, and the ligand chain length. The strong chain-length dependence was originated from the interligand interactions in the ligand monolayer of a nanocrystal, provided fatty amines being weak ligands for CdSe nanocrystals. When the growth reaction was above the boiling point of an amine ligand, the surface ligand dynamics was violent, a quasi-gas-phase state, indicated by strong temperature-dependent and fast growth rates of the nanocrystals. Approximately below its boiling point, a significantly weak temperature dependence of the growth rate of the nanocrystals associated with the quasi-liquid state of the surface ligands was observed. A direct result of studying the surface ligand dynamics of this well-established nanocrystal system was the formation of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals under much reduced temperature, 150 degrees C, in comparison to the standard 250-350 degrees C temperature range. This was achieved by using fatty amines with a short hydrocarbon chain at a low ligand concentration in the solution. Preliminary results indicate that a similar temperature (160 degrees C) also worked for the growth of InP nanocrystals.
TL;DR: The recent state of the art in nanomedicine is highlighted, focusing particularly on the achievement of nanotechnology in nanoscale drug and gene delivery in vitro and in vivo, and specific emphasis has been placed on the use of nan technology to improve controlled drug release and sustainable drug delivery in solid tumors and on new drug therapies for age‐related neurodegenerative disorders.
Abstract: Biomedical application of nanotechnology is a rapidly developing area that raises new prospect in the improvement of diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. The ability to incorporate drugs or genes into a functionalized nanoparticle demonstrates a new era in pharmacotherapy for delivering drugs or genes selectively to tissues or cells. It is envisioned that the transfer of nanoengineering capability into disease therapy will provide constant and concentrated drug delivery to targeted tissues, minimizing systemic side effects and toxicity. We have in this article highlighted the recent state of the art in nanomedicine, focusing particularly on the achievement of nanotechnology in nanoscale drug and gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a specific emphasis has been placed on the use of nanotechnology to improve controlled drug release and sustainable drug delivery in solid tumors and on new drug therapies for age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Dalhousie University1, University of Oxford2, New York State Department of State3, Blaise Pascal University4, University of Georgia5, Pedagogical University6, United States Forest Service7, RWTH Aachen University8, Michigan State University9, Saint Petersburg State University10, University of Arkansas11
TL;DR: Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG1, γ -fibrinogen, ND6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models, plus a phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics is evaluated.
Abstract: the origin of echolocation and flight in bats. Nature 403:188– 192. van Rheede, T., T. Bastiaans, D. N. Boone, S. B. Hedges, W. W. de Jong, and O. Madsen. 2006. The platypus in its place: nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23:587–597. Waddell, P. J., H. Kishino, and R. Ota. 2001. A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics. Genome Informatics 12:141– 154. Waddell, P. J., N. Okada, and M. Hasegawa. 1999. Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals. Syst. Biol. 48:1–5. Waddell, P. J., and S. Shelley. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG1, γ -fibrinogen, ND6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 28:197–224.