Showing papers by "University of Huddersfield published in 2019"
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of supply chain literature is provided that addresses problems relevant to SCRM using approaches that fall within the AI spectrum and proposes directions for future research at the confluence of SCRM and AI.
Abstract: Supply chain risk management (SCRM) encompasses a wide variety of strategies aiming to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor unexpected events or conditions which might have an impact, mostly adve...
355 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply a set of measures developed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) to examine connectedness via return and volatility spillovers across six large cryptocurrencies from August 7, 2015 to February 22, 2018.
338 citations
Harvard University1, Howard Hughes Medical Institute2, Broad Institute3, Max Planck Society4, University of Zaragoza5, University of Huddersfield6, University of Minho7, Pompeu Fabra University8, University of Vienna9, Pennsylvania State University10, University of Coimbra11, University of Zurich12, University of Granada13, University of the Basque Country14, Rovira i Virgili University15, National University of Distance Education16, University of Málaga17, University of Barcelona18, University of Valencia19, Autonomous University of Barcelona20, University of Lisbon21, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras22, University of Almería23, University of Cádiz24, University of Salamanca25, University of Iowa26, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria27, Mount Mercy University28, Autonomous University of Madrid29, Complutense University of Madrid30, University of Cantabria31, Gibraltar Hardware32, Liverpool John Moores University33, Anglia Ruskin University34, Spanish National Research Council35, University of California, Santa Barbara36, University of Basel37, Danube Private University38, University of Adelaide39
TL;DR: It is revealed that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia, and how the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean is document.
Abstract: J.M.F., F.J.L.-C., J.I.M., F.X.O., J.D., and M.S.B. were supported by HAR2017-86509-P, HAR2017-87695-P, and SGR2017-11 from the Generalitat de Catalunya, AGAUR agency. C.L.-F. was supported by Obra Social La Caixa and by FEDER-MINECO (BFU2015- 64699-P). L.B.d.L.E. was supported by REDISCO-HAR2017-88035-P (Plan Nacional I+D+I, MINECO). C.L., P.R., and C.Bl. were supported by MINECO (HAR2016-77600-P). A.Esp., J.V.-V., G.D., and D.C.S.-G. were supported by MINECO (HAR2009-10105 and HAR2013-43851-P). D.J.K. and B.J.C. were supported by NSF BCS-1460367. K.T.L., A.W., and J.M. were supported by NSF BCS-1153568. J.F.-E. and J.A.M.-A. were supported by IT622-13 Gobierno Vasco, Diputacion Foral de Alava, and Diputacion Foral de Gipuzkoa. We acknowledge support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/EPH-ARQ/4164/2014) and the FEDER-COMPETE 2020 project 016899. P.S. was supported by the FCT Investigator Program (IF/01641/2013), FCT IP, and ERDF (COMPETE2020 – POCI). M.Si. and K.D. were supported by a Leverhulme Trust Doctoral Scholarship awarded to M.B.R. and M.P. D.R. was supported by an Allen Discovery Center grant from the Paul Allen Foundation, NIH grant GM100233, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. V.V.-M. and W.H. were supported by the Max Planck Society.
287 citations
Jagiellonian University Medical College1, Semmelweis University2, Eötvös Loránd University3, Nova Southeastern University4, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven5, Charles University in Prague6, Helsinki University Central Hospital7, Autonomous University of Barcelona8, University of Oviedo9, King's College London10, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens11, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health12, Uppsala University Hospital13, University of Mannheim14, University of Bonn15, University College Dublin16, Hokkaido University17, St George's Hospital18, University of Huddersfield19, Trinity College, Dublin20, Oslo University Hospital21, Lund University22, Sapienza University of Rome23, University of Paris24, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts25, Stanford University26, Barnet Hospital27, University of Cambridge28, Karolinska Institutet29
TL;DR: This Updated European Consensus Statement aims to support clinicians with research evidence and clinical experience from 63 experts of European and other countries in which ADHD in adults is recognized and treated, to increase awareness and knowledge of adult ADHD in and outside Europe.
285 citations
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the extent to which corporate board gender diversity, including the proportion, age and level of education of female directors, affect environmental performance of Chinese publicly listed corporations.
Abstract: This paper seeks to contribute to the existing business strategy and the environment literature by examining the effect of governance structures on environmental performance within a unique context of improving environmental governance, policies, regulations and management. Specifically, we investigate the extent to which corporate board gender diversity, including the proportion, age and level of education of female directors, affect environmental performance of Chinese publicly listed corporations. Using one of the largest Chinese data sets to date, consisting of a sample of 383 listed A-shares from 2011 to 2015 (i.e., observations of 1,674), our findings are three-fold. First, we find that the proportion and age of female directors have a positive effect on the overall corporate environmental performance. Second, our findings indicate that the proportion and age of female directors also have a positive effect on the three individual environmental performance components, namely environmental (a) strategy, (b) implementation and (c) disclosure, respectively. Finally, and by contrast, we do not find any evidence that suggests that the level of education of female directors has any impact on environmental performance, neither the overall environmental performance measure nor its individual components. Our findings have important implication for regulators and policy-makers. Our evidence is robust to controlling for alternative measures, other governance and firm-level control variables, and possible endogeneities. We interpret our findings within a multi-theoretical framework that draws insights from agency, legitimacy, neo-institutional, resource dependence, stakeholder, and tokenism theoretical perspectives.
251 citations
TL;DR: This article critically analyses recent investigative studies on autism, not only articulating the aforementioned issues in these studies but also recommending paths forward that enhance machine learning use in ASD with respect to conceptualization, implementation, and data.
Abstract: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a mental disorder that retards acquisition of linguistic, communication, cognitive, and social skills and abilities. Despite being diagnosed with ASD, some indiv...
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the predictive power of global geopolitical risks (GPR) index on daily returns and price volatility of Bitcoin over the period July 18, 2010-May 31, 2018 was investigated.
185 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the causal relationship between Bitcoin attention and Bitcoin returns for the period from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017, using the Copula-based Granger Causality in Distribution (CGCD) test.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a copula-quantile causality approach was used to extend the Granger causality from trading volume to the returns and volatility in the cryptocurrency market via the copula quantifier.
146 citations
135 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the immunomodulatory properties and signaling mechanisms of natural or modified sulfated polysaccharides is presented, where the effects of the degree of substitution (DS), molecular weight, and structure of the sulfate groups on sugar units are discussed.
Abstract: Background Polysaccharides are natural macromolecular polymers that are widely distributed in various food resources and have attracted much attention due to their significant bioactivities. Sulfated polysaccharides refer to polysaccharides containing sulfate groups on sugar units. A large number of studies have characterized and evaluated the biological relevance of sulfated polysaccharides, which shows great potential in terms of immunological activity. Scope and approach Through a critical analysis of current research literature regarding sulfated polysaccharides, this review will give an overview of the immunomodulatory properties and signaling mechanisms of natural or modified sulfated polysaccharides. The effects of the degree of substitution (DS), molecular weight, and structure on immunomodulatory effects will also be discussed. Key findings and conclusions The mechanisms by which sulfated polysaccharides exert their immunological activity is mainly due to the regulation of macrophage function, natural killer cells, and T/B lymphocytes, together with the stimulation of the immune responses of lymphocytes and the activation of the complement system. The immunological activity of sulfated polysaccharides depends not only on the source of the polysaccharide but also on structural characteristics, such as molecular weight and DS. Studies on the mechanisms of immune function have shown that the action of sulfated polysaccharides is a complex process that may be regulated by one or more pathways. Nevertheless, the link between the immunological mechanisms and structure of sulfated polysaccharides requires further exploration.
TL;DR: This work proposes a supply chain risk prediction framework using data-driven AI techniques and relying on the synergy between AI and supply chain experts and explores the trade-off between prediction performance and interpretability by implementing and applying the framework on the case of predicting delivery delays in a real-world multi-tier manufacturing supply chain.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of board diversity on corporate performance and executive pay within the context of MENA countries was investigated, and it was found that board diversity, as measured by director gender and nationality, has a positive effect on corporate financial performance.
Abstract: Departing from previous studies, this paper investigates the impact of corporate board diversity on corporate performance and executive pay within the context of MENA countries. Our sample includes a balanced panel of 600 firm-year observations, consisting of 100 individual firms drawn from 5 Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia and United Arab of Emirates) over the 2009–2014 period. The findings are three-fold. First, board diversity, as measured by director gender and nationality, has a positive effect on corporate financial performance. Second, the relationship between board diversity and corporate performance is stronger in better-governed firms than their poorly-governed counterparts. Finally, board diversity, as measured by director gender, ethnicity and nationality, enhances the pay-for-performance sensitivity, but not the actual executive pay. Our results suggest that decisions about board diversity are not merely influenced by moral values; they arise because of the cost-benefit considerations of what diversity can bring to the firm. The findings are robust to controlling for different alternatives of board diversity measures, corporate governance proxies, corporate outcomes and types of endogeneities.
University of Oxford1, Queen Mary University of London2, University of Mainz3, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut4, University of York5, Texas A&M University6, Natural History Museum7, Trinity College, Dublin8, University of Michigan9, Massachusetts Institute of Technology10, Durham University11, Centre national de la recherche scientifique12, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki13, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill14, Stockholm University15, Russian Academy of Sciences16, University of Edinburgh17, Columbia University18, University of Belgrade19, University of Groningen20, University of Burgos21, Wageningen University and Research Centre22, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences23, University of Lisbon24, University of Huddersfield25, Gazi University26, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University27, University of Naples Federico II28, Graduate University for Advanced Studies29, Hebrew University of Jerusalem30, University of Liverpool31, Queen's University Belfast32, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań33, University of Reading34, Lithuanian Institute of History35, Goethe University Frankfurt36, University of Queensland37, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources38, University of Kent39, City University of New York40, University of Liège41, Free University of Berlin42, University College London43, University of Vienna44, University of Toulouse45, Simon Fraser University46, University of Siena47, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart48, Bournemouth University49, University of Cambridge50, La Trobe University51, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine52, Norwegian University of Science and Technology53, University of Copenhagen54, University of Basel55, National Museum of Natural History56, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich57, University of Aberdeen58, University of Montpellier59, Liverpool John Moores University60
TL;DR: This paper showed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near complete disappearance of Near East ancestry.
Abstract: Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process.
TL;DR: The concept of flexible emotion regulation is described and it is claimed that further studies should address the interaction of situational and dispositional factors in shaping the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies.
Abstract: The number of studies and theoretical contributions on emotion regulation has grown rapidly. In this article we describe the concept of flexible emotion regulation. We argue that the effectiveness of specific emotion regulation strategies depends on the interaction of the features of a situation and personality characteristics of the individual regulating his/her emotions. We review a few recent theoretical contributions and studies that have attempted to capture some aspects of the flexibility of emotion regulation rather than distinguish between overly adaptive and maladaptive strategies. Moreover, we discuss potential personality determinants of effectiveness of particular regulatory strategies. We claim that further studies should address the interaction of situational and dispositional factors in shaping the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies. So far, situational and personality determinants have been studied rather separately.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effect of chief executive officer (CEO) power and corporate governance structure on the pay-for-performance sensitivity (PPS) using a large up-to-date South African data set.
Abstract: This paper examines the crucial question of whether chief executive officer (CEO) power and corporate governance (CG) structure can moderate the pay-for-performance sensitivity (PPS) using a large up-to-date South African data-set. Our findings are threefold. First, when direct links between executive pay and performance are examined, we find a positive, but relatively small PPS. Second, our results show that in a context of concentrated ownership and weak board structures; the second-tier agency conflict (director monitoring power and opportunism) is stronger than the first-tier agency problem (CEO power and self-interest). Third, additional analysis suggests that CEO power and CG structure have a moderating effect on the PPS. Specifically, we find that the PPS is higher in firms with more reputable, founding and shareholding CEOs, higher ownership by directors and institutions, and independent nomination and remuneration committees, but lower in firms with larger boards, more powerful and long-t...
01 May 2019-Precision Engineering-journal of The International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology
TL;DR: The robust Gaussian regression filter and morphological filters are used for the separation of the waviness component due to their robustness and watershed segmentation is enhanced to extract globules from the residual surface as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) process with wide applications in key industrial sectors, including aerospace, automotive, healthcare, defence However, a deficiency of PBF is its low quality of surface finish A number of PBF process variables and other factors (eg powders, recoater) can influence the surface quality It is of significant importance to measure and characterise PBF surfaces for the benefits of process optimisation, product performance evaluation and also product design A state-of-the-art review is given to summarise the current research work on the characterisation of AM surfaces, particularly PBF surfaces It is recognised that AM processes are different from conventional manufacturing processes and their produced surface topographies are different as well In this paper, the surface characterisation framework is updated to reflect the unique characteristics of PBF processes The surface spatial wavelength components and other process signature features are described and their production mechanisms are elaborated A bespoke surface characterisation procedure is developed based on the updated framework The robust Gaussian regression filter and the morphological filters are proposed to be used for the separation of the waviness component due to their robustness The watershed segmentation is enhanced to extract globules from the residual surface Two AM components produced by electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM), are measured and characterised by the proposed methodology Both of the two filters are qualified for the extraction of melted tracks The watershed segmentation can enable the extraction of globules The standard surface texture parameters of different surface wavelength components are compared A set of bespoke parameters are intentionally developed to offer a quantitative evaluation of the globules
University of Cambridge1, University of Dundee2, Oxford Brookes University3, Sewanee: The University of the South4, Charles University in Prague5, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg6, Spanish National Research Council7, University of Oxford8, University of Alberta9, Rockefeller University10, University of Liverpool11, University of Huddersfield12, Natural History Museum13
TL;DR: Evidence that a range of photosynthetic eukaryotes contributed to the Euglena nuclear genome is provided, evidence in support of the ‘shopping bag’ hypothesis for plastid acquisition and it is suggested that euglenids possess unique regulatory mechanisms for achieving extreme adaptability through mechanisms of paralog expansion and gene acquisition.
Abstract: Photosynthetic euglenids are major contributors to fresh water ecosystems. Euglena gracilis in particular has noted metabolic flexibility, reflected by an ability to thrive in a range of harsh environments. E. gracilis has been a popular model organism and of considerable biotechnological interest, but the absence of a gene catalogue has hampered both basic research and translational efforts. We report a detailed transcriptome and partial genome for E. gracilis Z1. The nuclear genome is estimated to be around 500 Mb in size, and the transcriptome encodes over 36,000 proteins and the genome possesses less than 1% coding sequence. Annotation of coding sequences indicates a highly sophisticated endomembrane system, RNA processing mechanisms and nuclear genome contributions from several photosynthetic lineages. Multiple gene families, including likely signal transduction components, have been massively expanded. Alterations in protein abundance are controlled post-transcriptionally between light and dark conditions, surprisingly similar to trypanosomatids. Our data provide evidence that a range of photosynthetic eukaryotes contributed to the Euglena nuclear genome, evidence in support of the ‘shopping bag’ hypothesis for plastid acquisition. We also suggest that euglenids possess unique regulatory mechanisms for achieving extreme adaptability, through mechanisms of paralog expansion and gene acquisition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take an historical perspective, and by drawing on their own empirical work from the UK in the 1980s and more recently, argue three main things: first, they need to understand the particular con...
Abstract: By taking an historical perspective, and by drawing on our own empirical work from the UK in the 1980s and more recently, we argue three main things. First, we need to understand the particular con...
TL;DR: A review of the state-of-the-art in aerostatic bearing research and development with the emphasis on analytical and computational approaches for design and optimization of bearing performance is presented in this paper.
TL;DR: Current applications of spectroscopically-resolved NMR techniques as analytical probes are highlighted and an outlook for the future is provided, where this approach may be applied to a wider range of analytical problems, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
TL;DR: Information presented in this review would be of importance to processors and researchers as they seek to enhance nutritional quality and delivery of extruded products.
Abstract: Extrusion technology has rapidly transformed the food industry with its numerous advantages over other processing methods. It offers a platform for processing different products from various food groups by modifying minor or major ingredients and processing conditions. Although cereals occupy a large portion of the extruded foods market, several other types of raw materials have been used. Extrusion processing of various food groups, including cereals and pseudo cereals, roots and tubers, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, and animal products, as well as structural and nutritional changes in these food matrices are reviewed. Value addition by extrusion to food processing wastes and by-products from fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat and seafood, cereals and residues from starch, syrup and alcohol production, and oilseed processing are also discussed. Extrusion presents an economical technology for incorporating food processing residues and by-products back into the food stream. In contemporary scenarios, rising demand for extruded products with functional ingredients, attributed to evolving lifestyles and preferences, have led to innovations in the form, texture, color and content of extruded products. Information presented in this review would be of importance to processors and researchers as they seek to enhance nutritional quality and delivery of extruded products.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of methods to determine the effective thermal conductivities of different rock-soil types containing various substances, including porosity, water content, material construction and etc.
TL;DR: A ‘tactical gap’ in the implementation of digital between strategic and operational decision-making needs fine-tuning to ensure better collaboration in projects where digital innovations are adopted.
TL;DR: While MDRPU are common in intensive care patients, it is an understudied area and variations in data collection methods, study design and reporting affect the reported incidence and prevalence rates.
Abstract: Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesise the literature and evaluate the incidence, prevalence and severity of medical devicerelated pressure ulcers (MDRPU) in adult intensive care patients. Method: Electronic databases and additional grey literature were searched for publications between 2000 and 2017. Outcome measures included cumulative incidence or incidence rate, point prevalence or period prevalence as a primary outcome and the severity and location of the pressure ulcer (PU) as secondary outcome measures. Included studies were assessed for risk of bias using a nine-item checklist for prevalence studies. The heterogeneity was evaluated using 12 statistic. Results: We included 13 studies in this review. Prevalence was reported more frequently than incidence. Pooled data demonstrated a high variation in the incidence and prevalence rates ranging from 0.9% to 41.2% in incidence and 1.4% to 121% in prevalence. Heterogeneity was high. Mucosal pressure injuries were the most common stage reported in the incidence studies whereas category II followed by category I were most commonly reported in the prevalence studies. In the incidence studies, the most common location was the ear and in the prevalence studies it was the nose. Conclusion: While MDRPU are common in intensive care patients, it is an understudied area. Inconsistency in the staging of MDRPU, along with variations in data collection methods, study design and reporting affect the reported incidence and prevalence rates. Standardisation of data reporting and collection method is essential for pooling of future studies. Declaration of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance and productivity of Islamic and conventional banks using financial ratios, a two-and a four-component meta-frontier Malmquist productivity index (MPI), were assessed.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a focus variation instrument for measurement of areal topography of metal additive surfaces was investigated using both laser and electron beam powder bed fusion processes with some of the most common additive materials: Al-Si-10Mg, Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V.
Abstract: In this work, the performance of a focus variation instrument for measurement of areal topography of metal additive surfaces was investigated. Samples were produced using both laser and electron beam powder bed fusion processes with some of the most common additive materials: Al-Si-10Mg, Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V. Surfaces parallel and orthogonal to the build direction were investigated. Measurement performance was qualified by visually inspecting the topographic models obtained from measurement and quantified by computing the number of non-measured data points, by estimating local repeatability error in topography height determination and by computing the value of the areal field texture parameter Sa. Variations captured through such indicators were investigated as focus variation-specific measurement control parameters were varied. Changes in magnification, illumination type, vertical resolution and lateral resolution were investigated. The experimental campaign was created through full factorial design of experiments, and regression models were used to link the selected measurement process control parameters to the measured performance indicators. The results indicate that focus variation microscopy measurement of metal additive surfaces is robust to changes of the measurement control parameters when the Sa texture parameter is considered, with variations confined to sub-micrometre scales and within 5% of the average parameter value for the same surface and objective. The number of non-measured points and the local repeatability error were more affected by the choice of measurement control parameters. However, such changes could be predicted by the regression models, and proved consistent once material, type of additive process and orientation of the measured surface are set.
01 Jun 2019
TL;DR: New machine learning framework related to autism screening of adults and adolescents that contain vital features and perform predictive analysis using logistic regression to reveal important information related to Autism screening are proposed.
Abstract: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with significant healthcare costs; early diagnosis could substantially reduce these. The economic impact of autism reveals an urgent need for the development of easily implemented and effective screening methods. Therefore, time-efficient ASD screening is imperative to help health professionals and to inform individuals whether they should pursue formal clinical diagnosis. Presently, very limited autism datasets associated with screening are available and most of them are genetic in nature. We propose new machine learning framework related to autism screening of adults and adolescents that contain vital features and perform predictive analysis using logistic regression to reveal important information related to autism screening. We also perform an in-depth feature analysis on the two datasets using information gain (IG) and Chi square testing (CHI) to determine the influential features that can be utilized in screening for autism. Results obtained reveal that machine learning technology was able to generate classification systems that have acceptable performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy among others.
TL;DR: This paper develops interdisciplinary dialogues that overlay computer-engineering frameworks such as Apache Storm and Hadoop within B2B marketing viewpoints and their implications for contemporary marketing practices.
TL;DR: This study evaluates and critically analyses 37 different ASD screening tools in order to identify possible areas that need to be addressed through further development and innovation.
Abstract: Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a neurodevelopmental condition associated with verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and behavioural complications that is becoming increasingly common in many parts of the globe. Identifying individuals on the spectrum has remained a lengthy process for the past few decades due to the fact that some individuals diagnosed with ASD exhibit exceptional skills in areas such as mathematics, arts, and music among others. To improve the accuracy and reliability of autism diagnoses, many scholars have developed pre-diagnosis screening methods to help identify autistic behaviours at an early stage, speed up the clinical diagnosis referral process, and improve the understanding of ASD for the different stakeholders involved, such as parents, caregivers, teachers, and family members. However, the functionality and reliability of those screening tools vary according to different research studies and some have remained questionable. This study evaluates and critically analyses 37 different ASD screening tools in order to identify possible areas that need to be addressed through further development and innovation. More importantly, different criteria associated with existing screening tools, such as accessibility, the fulfilment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) specifications, comprehensibility among the target audience, performance (specifically sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy), web and mobile availability, and popularity have been investigated.