University of New Hampshire

About: University of New Hampshire is a education organization based out in Durham, New Hampshire, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Solar wind. The organization has 9379 authors who have published 24025 publications receiving 1020112 citations. The organization is also known as: UNH.

Risk of physical abuse to children of spouse abusing parents

Abstract: Cette etude avait pour but de calculer les probabilites, basees sur le sexe, que le(la) conjoint(e) qui est violent(e) envers l'autre, agressera aussi leur enfant. L'etude se basait sur un echantillon represetatif comprenant 3.363 parents americains qui avaient fait partie du sondage national de 1985 sur la violence familiale. L'etude demontre que la violence entre conjoints est un element important pour predire s'il y aura violence faite aux enfants. Plus il y a de violence entre conjoint et conjointe, plus grandes sont les chances que l'un ou l'autre agressera l'enfant. La correlation est plus forte pour les hommes que pour les femmes. La probabilite que le conjoint agressera son enfant passe de 5 p.c. a 100 p.c. selon qu'il a agresse sa femme une fois ou 50 fois ou plus. Pour la conjointe, les probabilites passent de 5 p.c. a 30 p.c. L'etude discute des consequences en rapport au divorce.

Global irrigation water demand: Variability and uncertainties arising from agricultural and climate data sets

Abstract: [1] Agricultural water use accounts for around 70% of the total water that is withdrawn from surface water and groundwater. We use a new, gridded, global-scale water balance model to estimate interannual variability in global irrigation water demand arising from climate data sets and uncertainties arising from agricultural and climate data sets. We used contemporary maps of irrigation and crop distribution, and so do not account for variability or trends in irrigation area or cropping. We used two different global maps of irrigation and two different reconstructions of daily weather 1963–2002. Simulated global irrigation water demand varied by ∼30%, depending on irrigation map or weather data. The combined effect of irrigation map and weather data generated a global irrigation water use range of 2200 to 3800 km3 a−1. Weather driven variability in global irrigation was generally less than ±300 km3 a−1, globally (<∼10%), but could be as large as ±70% at the national scale.

Environmental variation is directly responsible for short‐ but not long‐term variation in forest‐atmosphere carbon exchange

Abstract: Tower-based eddy covariance measurements of forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange from many sites around the world indicate that there is considerable yearto-year variation in net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Here, we use a statistical modeling approach to partition the interannual variability in NEE (and its component fluxes, ecosystem respiration, Reco, and gross photosynthesis, Pgross) into two main effects: variation in environmental drivers (air and soil temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and soil water content) and variation in the biotic response to this environmental forcing (as characterized by the model parameters). The model is applied to a 9-year data set from the Howland AmeriFlux site, a spruce-dominated forest in Maine, USA. Gap-filled flux measurements at this site indicate that the forest has been sequestering, on average, 190gCm � 2 yr � 1 , with a range from 130 to 270gCm � 2 yr � 1 . Our fitted model predicts somewhat more uptake (mean 270gCm � 2 yr � 1 ), but interannual variation is similar, and wavelet variance analyses indicate good agreement between tower measurements and model predictions across a wide range of timescales (hours to years). Associated with the interannual variation in NEE are clear differences among years in model parameters for both Reco and Pgross. Analysis of model predictions suggests that, at the annual time step, about 40% of the variance in modeled NEE can be attributed to variation in environmental drivers, and 55% to variation in the biotic response to this forcing. As model predictions are aggregated at longer timescales (from individual days to months to calendar year), variation in environmental drivers becomes progressively less important, and variation in the biotic response becomes progressively more important, in determining the modeled flux. There is a strong negative correlation between modeled annual Pgross and Reco (r 5� 0.93, P � 0.001); two possible explanations for this correlation are discussed. The correlation promotes homeostasis of NEE: the interannual variation in modeled NEE is substantially less than that for either Pgross or Reco

Divergent induced responses to an invasive predator in marine mussel populations.

Abstract: Invasive species may precipitate evolutionary change in invaded communities. In southern New England (USA) the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, preys on mussels (Mytlius edulis), but the crab has not yet invaded northern New England. We show that southern New England mussels express inducible shell thickening when exposed to waterborne cues from Hemigrapsus, whereas naive northern mussel populations do not respond. Yet, both populations thicken their shells in response to a long-established crab, Carcinus maenas. Our findings are consistent with the rapid evolution of an inducible morphological response to Hemigrapsus within 15 years of its introduction.

Response to Joint Attention in Toddlers at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Study

Abstract: Response to joint attention (RJA) is impaired in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is pivotal to social and communication development. Response to joint attention was examined at 14 and 24 months in 51 children at high risk for autism (siblings of children with autism). Outcome groups at age 3 years included ASD (n = 16), broader autism phenotype (n = 8), and non-broader autism phenotype (n = 27). The ASD group made minimal improvement in RJA between 14 and 24 months, but stability of RJA across tasks increased for all three groups. Significantly, lower RJA was observed for the ASD group at 24 months. Response to joint attention performance at 14 months predicted ASD outcome. Response to joint attention is an important screening and early intervention target.