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Antimicrobial activity of metals: mechanisms, molecular targets and applications

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TLDR
The chemical and toxicological principles that underlie the antimicrobial activity of metals are described and the preferences of metal atoms for specific microbial targets are discussed.
Abstract
Metals have been used as antimicrobial agents since antiquity, but throughout most of history their modes of action have remained unclear. Recent studies indicate that different metals cause discrete and distinct types of injuries to microbial cells as a result of oxidative stress, protein dysfunction or membrane damage. Here, we describe the chemical and toxicological principles that underlie the antimicrobial activity of metals and discuss the preferences of metal atoms for specific microbial targets. Interdisciplinary research is advancing not only our understanding of metal toxicity but also the design of metal-based compounds for use as antimicrobial agents and alternatives to antibiotics.

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Graphene Materials in Antimicrobial Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Perspectives

TL;DR: It is hoped that the roadmap provided here will encourage researchers to tackle remaining challenges toward clinical translation of promising research findings and help realize the potential of GMs in antimicrobial nanomedicine.
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Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications of silver nanoparticles

TL;DR: A demonstration of an efficient biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles by B. frigoritolerans DC2 and its effect on the enhancement of the antmicrobial efficacy of well-known commercial antibiotics.
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Fluorescence sensing systems for gold and silver species

TL;DR: An overview of the reported fluorescent detection systems for gold and silver species is provided, and their sensing properties with promising features are discussed, which have become an active research area in recent years.
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Electron Transfer Directed Antibacterial Properties of Graphene Oxide on Metals.

TL;DR: It is shown that superior antimicrobial properties of natural shellac-derived graphene oxide (GO) coatings is obtained on metallic films, such as Zn, Ni, Sn, and steel.
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Distribution, combined pollution and risk assessment of antibiotics in typical marine aquaculture farms surrounding the Yellow Sea, North China

TL;DR: This study was one of the few to investigate the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in mariculture environments along the Yellow Sea coast and can act as a reference for the government for the determination of antibiotic discharge standards in aquaculture wastewater and the establishment of a standardized antibiotic monitoring and management system.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Hard and soft acids and bases

TL;DR: In this paper, the rate data for the generalized nucleophilic displacement reaction were reviewed, and the authors presented a method to estimate the rate of the generalized displacement reaction in terms of the number of nucleophiles.
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Absolute hardness: companion parameter to absolute electronegativity

TL;DR: In this paper, a property called absolute hardness eta is defined for neutral and charged species, atomic and molecular, for both hard and soft acids and bases, by making use of the hypothesis that extra stability attends bonding of A to B when the ionization potentials of A and B in the molecule are the same.
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Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

TL;DR: Monodisperse samples of silver nanocubes were synthesized in large quantities by reducing silver nitrate with ethylene glycol in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), characterized by a slightly truncated shape bounded by {100, {110}, and {111} facets.
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Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer

TL;DR: This review examines the evidence for involvement of the oxidative stress in the carcinogenesis process and the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the process of carcinogenesis as well as the antioxidant interactions with various regulatory factors.
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The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles

TL;DR: The results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of approximately 1-10 nm.
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