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Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist’s guide to reactive oxygen species

Carl Nathan, +1 more
- 01 May 2013 - 
- Vol. 13, Iss: 5, pp 349-361
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TLDR
ROS chemistry and their pleiotropy make them difficult to localize, to quantify and to manipulate — challenges the authors must overcome to translate ROS biology into medical advances.
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) react preferentially with certain atoms to modulate functions ranging from cell homeostasis to cell death. Molecular actions include both inhibition and activation of proteins, mutagenesis of DNA and activation of gene transcription. Cellular actions include promotion or suppression of inflammation, immunity and carcinogenesis. ROS help the host to compete against microorganisms and are also involved in intermicrobial competition. ROS chemistry and their pleiotropy make them difficult to localize, to quantify and to manipulate — challenges we must overcome to translate ROS biology into medical advances.

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Real-time imaging of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the liver of live animals for drug-toxicity testing

TL;DR: A nanosensor for rapid, real-time in vivo imaging of drug-induced ROS and RNS activity in the liver within minutes of drug challenge and its remediation longitudinally in mice after systemic challenge with acetaminophen or isoniazid is presented.
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Stem cells and the impact of ROS signaling

TL;DR: It is concluded that ROS signaling is an emerging key regulator of multiple stem cell populations and the implications for reprogramming and stem cell ageing are discussed.
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The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes

TL;DR: This article reviews in detail the current knowledge on the fundamental connections between oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, with a special emphasis on the danger molecule high-mobility group box-1, the TLRs, the NLRP-3 receptor, and the inflammasome, as well as the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB.
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The Redox Code

TL;DR: The redox code is a set of principles that defines the positioning of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and thiol/disulfide and other redox systems as well as the thiol redox proteome in space and time in biological systems.
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Neutrophils to the ROScue: Mechanisms of NADPH Oxidase Activation and Bacterial Resistance.

TL;DR: Mechanisms of oxidative burst in PMNs in response to bacterial infections, as well as the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens thwart restriction by ROS to survive under conditions of oxidative stress are reviewed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Superoxide Dismutase AN ENZYMIC FUNCTION FOR ERYTHROCUPREIN (HEMOCUPREIN)

TL;DR: The demonstration that O2·- can reduce ferricytochrome c and tetranitromethane, and that superoxide dismutase, by competing for the superoxide radicals, can markedly inhibit these reactions, is demonstrated.
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TL;DR: The origin, mechanisms of expansion and suppressive functions of MDSCs, as well as the potential to target these cells for therapeutic benefit are discussed.
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Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach?

TL;DR: It is argued that modulating the unique redox regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells might be an effective strategy to eliminate these cells.
Journal ArticleDOI

A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation

TL;DR: It is shown that mitophagy/autophagy blockade leads to the accumulation of damaged, ROS-generating mitochondria, and this in turn activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, and may explain the frequent association of mitochondrial damage with inflammatory diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI

Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent.

TL;DR: O(2) (-) is made by leukocytes under circumstances which suggest that it may be involved in bacterial killing, and is identified as the agent responsible for the leukocyte-mediated reduction of cytochrome c.
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