Factors Associated with Age at Natural Menopause in a Multiethnic Sample of Midlife Women
Ellen B. Gold,Joyce T. Bromberger,Sybil L. Crawford,Steve J. Samuels,Gail A. Greendale,Siobán D. Harlow,Joan Skurnick +6 more
TLDR
This sample is one of the largest and most diverse ever studied, and comprehensive statistical methods were used to assess factors associated with age at natural menopause.Abstract:
An unprecedented number of women will experience menopause in the next decade. Although the timing of menopause affects long-term disease risk, little is known about factors that affect this timing. In the present 1995--1997 cross-sectional study, the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, the relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to age at natural menopause was examined in seven US centers and five racial/ethnic groups. All characteristics were self-reported by women aged 40--55 years (n = 14,620). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the probability of menopause by age. Overall, median age at natural menopause was 51.4 years, after adjustment for smoking, education, marital status, history of heart disease, parity, race/ethnicity, employment, and prior use of oral contraceptives. Current smoking, lower educational attainment, being separated/widowed/divorced, nonemployment, and history of heart disease were all independently associated with earlier natural menopause, while parity, prior use of oral contraceptives, and Japanese race/ethnicity were associated with later age at natural menopause. This sample is one of the largest and most diverse ever studied, and comprehensive statistical methods were used to assess factors associated with age at natural menopause. Thus, this study provides important insights into this determinant of long-term disease risk in women.read more
Citations
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The variability of female reproductive ageing
TL;DR: Age at last birth in natural fertility populations, which marks the end of female fertility, shows an identically wide variation as age at menopause, but occurs on average 10 years earlier than this, given the high heritability for age atMenopause.
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The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society.
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Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Vasomotor Symptoms and Race/Ethnicity Across the Menopausal Transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation
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TL;DR: Vasomotor symptoms were reported most often in all racial/ethnic groups in late perimenopause and nearly as often in postmenopause, and among the risk factors assessed, vasomotor Symptoms were most strongly associated with menopausal status.
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The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society
TL;DR: The more favorable benefit-risk ratio for ET allows more flexibility in extending the duration of use compared with EPT, where the earlier appearance of increased breast cancer risk precludes a recommendation for use beyond 3 to 5 years.
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