Journal ArticleDOI
Glutaredoxins: glutathione-dependent redox enzymes with functions far beyond a simple thioredoxin backup system.
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TLDR
Glutaredoxins uniquely reduce mixed disulfides with glutathione via a monothiol mechanism where only an N-terminal low pKa Cys residue is required, by using their glutathionylation site.Abstract:
Most cells contain high levels of glutathione and multiple glutaredoxins, which utilize the reducing power of glutathione to catalyze disulfide reductions in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase (the glutaredoxin system). Glutaredoxins, like thioredoxins, may operate as dithiol reductants and are involved as alternative pathways in cellular functions such as formation of deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis (by reducing the essential enzyme ribonucleotide reductase), the generation of reduced sulfur (via 3′-phosphoadenylylsulfate reductase), signal transduction, and the defense against oxidative stress. The three dithiol glutaredoxins of E. coli with the active-site sequence CPYC and a glutathione binding site in a thioredoxin/glutaredoxin fold display surprisingly different properties. These include the inducible OxyR-regulated 10-kDa Grx1 or the highly abundant 24-kDa glutathione S-transferase-like Grx2 (with Grx3 it accounts for 1% of total protein). Glutaredoxins uniquely reduce mixed dis...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
The thioredoxin antioxidant system.
Jun Lu,Arne Holmgren +1 more
TL;DR: The absence of a GSH-Grx system in some pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus makes the bacterial Trx system essential for survival under oxidative stress, and provides an opportunity to kill these bacteria by targeting the TrxR-Trx system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species.
A. Yu. Andreyev,A. Yu. Andreyev,Yu. E. Kushnareva,Yu. E. Kushnareva,Anatoly A. Starkov,Anatoly A. Starkov +5 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that mitochondria augment intracellular oxidative stress due primarily to failure of their ROS removal systems, whereas the role of mitochondrial ROS emission is yet to be determined and a net increase in mitochondrial ROS production in situ remains to be demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antioxidant responses and cellular adjustments to oxidative stress.
Cristina Espinosa-Diez,Verónica Miguel,Daniela Mennerich,Thomas Kietzmann,Patricia Sánchez-Pérez,Susana Cadenas,Santiago Lamas +6 more
TL;DR: The role of crucial cellular nucleophiles, such as glutathione, and their capacity to interact with oxidants and to establish networks with other critical enzymes such as peroxiredoxins are focused on.
Journal ArticleDOI
Real-time imaging of the intracellular glutathione redox potential.
Marcus Gutscher,Anne Laure Pauleau,Laurent Marty,Thorsten Brach,Guido H. Wabnitz,Yvonne Samstag,Andreas J. Meyer,Tobias P. Dick +7 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the fusion of human glutaredoxin-1 to roGFP2 facilitates specific real-time equilibration between the sensor protein and the glutathione redox couple, which facilitated the observation of redox changes associated with growth factor availability, cell density, mitochondrial depolarization, respiratory burst activity and immune receptor stimulation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Redox-based regulation of signal transduction : Principles, pitfalls, and promises
Yvonne M. W. Janssen-Heininger,Brooke T. Mossman,Nicholas H. Heintz,Henry Jay Forman,Balaraman Kalyanaraman,Toren Finkel,Jonathan S. Stamler,Sue Goo Rhee,Albert van der Vliet +8 more
TL;DR: Some of the recent findings that illuminate the significance of redox signaling and exciting future perspectives are reviewed to highlight some of the current pitfalls and the approaches needed to advance this important area of biochemical and biomedical research.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: Bacillus subtilis is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria, indicating that bacteriophage infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular in the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Oxidative Stress, Caloric Restriction, and Aging
TL;DR: Support for this hypothesis includes the following observations: (i) Overexpression of antioxidative enzymes retards the age-related accrual of oxidative damage and extends the maximum life-span of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster and (ii) Variations in longevity among different species inversely correlate with the rates of mitochondrial generation of the superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide.
Journal ArticleDOI
Essential Bacillus subtilis genes
Kazuto Kobayashi,Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich,Alessandra M. Albertini,G. Amati,Kasper Krogh Andersen,Maryvonne Arnaud,Kei Asai,S. Ashikaga,Stéphane Aymerich,Philippe Bessières,F. Boland,S.C. Brignell,Sierd Bron,Keigo Bunai,J. Chapuis,L.C. Christiansen,Antoine Danchin,Michel Débarbouillé,Etienne Dervyn,E. Deuerling,Kevin M. Devine,Susanne Krogh Devine,Oliver Dreesen,Jeffery Errington,Sabine Fillinger,Simon J. Foster,Yasutaro Fujita,Alessandro Galizzi,Rozenn Gardan,Caroline Eschevins,Tatsuya Fukushima,Kazuko Haga,Colin R. Harwood,Michael Hecker,D. Hosoya,Marie-Françoise Hullo,Hiroshi Kakeshita,Dimitri Karamata,Yasuhiro Kasahara,Fujio Kawamura,K. Koga,P. Koski,Ritsuko Kuwana,Daisuke Imamura,M. Ishimaru,Shu Ishikawa,I. Ishio,D. Le Coq,Anne Masson,Catherine Mauël,Rob Meima,Rafael P. Mellado,Anne Moir,Shigeki Moriya,E. Nagakawa,Hideaki Nanamiya,S. Nakai,Per Nygaard,Mitsuo Ogura,T. Ohanan,Mary O'Reilly,M. O'Rourke,Zoltán Prágai,H.M. Pooley,Georges Rapoport,J.P. Rawlins,L.A. Rivas,Carlo Rivolta,A. Sadaie,Yoshito Sadaie,Matti Sarvas,T. Sato,Hans Henrik Saxild,E. Scanlan,Wolfgang Schumann,J.F.M.L. Seegers,Junichi Sekiguchi,Agnieszka Sekowska,Simone J. Séror,M. Simon,P. Stragier,R. Studer,Hiromu Takamatsu,Teruo Tanaka,M. Takeuchi,H.B. Thomaides,Valerie Vagner,J.M. van Dijl,Kazuhito Watabe,Anil Wipat,Hiroki Yamamoto,M. Yamamoto,Y. Yamamoto,Kunio Yamane,Katsunori Yata,K. Yoshida,Hisashi Yoshikawa,Ulrich Zuber,Naotake Ogasawara +98 more
TL;DR: To estimate the minimal gene set required to sustain bacterial life in nutritious conditions, a systematic inactivation of Bacillus subtilis genes was carried out and most genes involved in the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway are essential.