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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite

TLDR
Graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone are demonstrated.
Abstract
Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the mass production of this remarkable material. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone. This is possible because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energies match that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Our method results in a monolayer yield of approximately 1 wt%, which could potentially be improved to 7-12 wt% with further processing. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We are able to produce semi-transparent conducting films and conducting composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a range of potential large-area applications, from device and sensor fabrication to liquid-phase chemistry.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Chemically converted graphene induced molecular flattening of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin and its application for optical detection of cadmium(II) ions.

TL;DR: The complex of TMPyP and CCG was used as an optical probe for rapid and selective detection of Cd(2+) ions in aqueous media and a large bathochromic shift of porphyrin Soret band was observed.
Journal ArticleDOI

High-yield organic dispersions of unfunctionalized graphene.

TL;DR: This work reports a simple, high-yield, method of producing homogeneous dispersions of unfunctionalized and nonoxidized graphene nanosheets in ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODCB).
Journal ArticleDOI

Recent progress in covalent organic framework thin films: fabrications, applications and perspectives

TL;DR: This critical review aims to provide the recent advances in the fabrication of COF thin films not only supported on substrates but also as free-standing nanosheets via both bottom-up and top-down strategies.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Graphene photonics and optoelectronics

TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in this emerging field of research, focussing on flexible and transparent conductors, photoluminescence, photodetectors, nonlinear optics, and ultrafast lasers, is reviewed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Journal ArticleDOI

The rise of graphene

TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Journal ArticleDOI

Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.
Journal ArticleDOI

Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.

TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Journal ArticleDOI

Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide

TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.
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