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High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite

TLDR
Graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone are demonstrated.
Abstract
Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the mass production of this remarkable material. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone. This is possible because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energies match that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Our method results in a monolayer yield of approximately 1 wt%, which could potentially be improved to 7-12 wt% with further processing. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We are able to produce semi-transparent conducting films and conducting composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a range of potential large-area applications, from device and sensor fabrication to liquid-phase chemistry.

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From Conception to Realization: An Historial Account of Graphene and Some Perspectives for Its Future

TL;DR: This detailed account of the fascinating development of the synthesis and characterization of graphene is hoped to demonstrate that the rich history of graphene chemistry laid the foundation for the exciting research that continues to this day.
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In Situ Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles on Single-Layer Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Surfaces

TL;DR: In this paper, a straightforward one-step chemical method to in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on single-layer graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) surfaces is proposed.
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Environment-Friendly Method To Produce Graphene That Employs Vitamin C and Amino Acid

TL;DR: In this article, an environment-friendly method to produce graphene that employs Vitamin C as the reductant and amino acid as the stabilizer was reported. But this method is not suitable for the use of biocompounds.
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Conductive Nanomaterials for Printed Electronics

TL;DR: This is a review on recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in printed electronics, with particular emphasis on inkjet printing of ink formulations based on metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets.
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Graphene as Transparent Electrode Material for Organic Electronics

TL;DR: This work isolated graphene by repeatedly peeling highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) using sticky tape with high crystallographic quality and ballistic electron transport on the micrometer scale with only 2.3% of light absorption.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
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The rise of graphene

TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
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Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.
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Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.

TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
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Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide

TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.
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