High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite
Yenny Hernandez,Valeria Nicolosi,Mustafa Lotya,Fiona M. Blighe,Zhenyu Sun,Sukanta De,I.T. McGovern,Brendan Holland,Michele T. Byrne,Yurii K. Gun'ko,John J. Boland,Peter Niraj,Georg S. Duesberg,Satheesh Krishnamurthy,Robbie Goodhue,John L. Hutchison,Vittorio Scardaci,Andrea C. Ferrari,Jonathan N. Coleman +18 more
TLDR
Graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone are demonstrated.Abstract:
Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the mass production of this remarkable material. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone. This is possible because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energies match that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Our method results in a monolayer yield of approximately 1 wt%, which could potentially be improved to 7-12 wt% with further processing. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We are able to produce semi-transparent conducting films and conducting composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a range of potential large-area applications, from device and sensor fabrication to liquid-phase chemistry.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Graphene Nanocomposites
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the simple casting of a polymer solution containing dispersed graphene oxide, followed by thermal reduction, can produce well-isolated monolayer reduced-graphene oxide reinforced polymers without complex manufacturing, dispersion or reduction processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Considerations for spectroscopy of liquid-exfoliated 2D materials: emerging photoluminescence of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Sean P. Ogilvie,Matthew Large,Giuseppe Fratta,Manuela Meloni,Ruben Canton-Vitoria,Nikos Tagmatarchis,Florian Massuyeau,Christopher P. Ewels,Alice A. K. King,Alan B. Dalton +9 more
TL;DR: The emerging optical properties of the degraded solvent present challenges for spectroscopy of nanomaterial dispersions; most notably the possibility of observing solvent photoluminescence in the spectra of 2D materials such as MoS2, highlighting the need for stable solvents and exfoliation processes to minimise the influence of solvent degradation on the properties of liquid-exfoliated 2D material.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vortex fluidic exfoliation of graphite and boron nitride.
TL;DR: Graphite is exfoliated into graphene by shearing vortex fluidic films of N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a controlled process for preparing oxide free graphene, and for exfoliating the corresponding boron nitride sheets.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Strategy for Producing Pure Single‐Layer Graphene Sheets Based on a Confined Self‐Assembly Approach
Journal ArticleDOI
Preparation and functionalization of graphene nanocomposites for biomedical applications
TL;DR: This protocol covers the preparation, functionalization and bioconjugation of various graphene derivatives and nanocomposites, as well as how to functionalize them with biocompatible polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), and provides procedures for 125I radiolabeling of PEGylated GO and the preparation of GO-based gene carriers.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
Kostya S. Novoselov,Andre K. Geim,Sergey V. Morozov,Da Jiang,Y. Zhang,S. V. Dubonos,Irina V. Grigorieva,A. A. Firsov +7 more
TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Journal ArticleDOI
The rise of graphene
TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
Kostya S. Novoselov,A. K. Geim,Sergey V. Morozov,Da Jiang,Mikhail I. Katsnelson,Irina V. Grigorieva,S. V. Dubonos,A. A. Firsov +7 more
TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.
Andrea C. Ferrari,Jannik C. Meyer,Vittorio Scardaci,Cinzia Casiraghi,Michele Lazzeri,Francesco Mauri,S. Piscanec,Da Jiang,K. S. Novoselov,S. Roth,A. K. Geim +10 more
TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Journal ArticleDOI
Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide
Sasha Stankovich,Dmitriy A. Dikin,Richard D. Piner,Kevin A. Kohlhaas,Alfred Kleinhammes,Yuanyuan Jia,Yue Wu,SonBinh T. Nguyen,Rodney S. Ruoff +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.