High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite
Yenny Hernandez,Valeria Nicolosi,Mustafa Lotya,Fiona M. Blighe,Zhenyu Sun,Sukanta De,I.T. McGovern,Brendan Holland,Michele T. Byrne,Yurii K. Gun'ko,John J. Boland,Peter Niraj,Georg S. Duesberg,Satheesh Krishnamurthy,Robbie Goodhue,John L. Hutchison,Vittorio Scardaci,Andrea C. Ferrari,Jonathan N. Coleman +18 more
TLDR
Graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone are demonstrated.Abstract:
Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the mass production of this remarkable material. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone. This is possible because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energies match that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Our method results in a monolayer yield of approximately 1 wt%, which could potentially be improved to 7-12 wt% with further processing. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We are able to produce semi-transparent conducting films and conducting composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a range of potential large-area applications, from device and sensor fabrication to liquid-phase chemistry.read more
Citations
More filters
Production and processing of graphene and related materials
Claudia Backes,Claudia Backes,Amr M. Abdelkader,Concepción Alonso,Amandine Andrieux-Ledier,Raul Arenal,Raul Arenal,Jon Azpeitia,Nilanthy Balakrishnan,Luca Banszerus,Julien Barjon,Ruben Bartali,Sebastiano Bellani,Claire Berger,Claire Berger,Reinhard Berger,M.M. Bernal Ortega,Carlo Bernard,Peter H. Beton,André Beyer,Alberto Bianco,Peter Bøggild,Francesco Bonaccorso,Gabriela Borin Barin,Cristina Botas,Rebeca A. Bueno,Daniel Carriazo,Andres Castellanos-Gomez,Meganne Christian,Artur Ciesielski,Tymoteusz Ciuk,Matthew T. Cole,Jonathan N. Coleman,Camilla Coletti,Luigi Crema,Huanyao Cun,Daniela Dasler,Domenico De Fazio,Noel Díez,Simon Drieschner,Georg S. Duesberg,Roman Fasel,Roman Fasel,Xinliang Feng,Alberto Fina,Stiven Forti,Costas Galiotis,Costas Galiotis,Giovanni Garberoglio,Jorge M. Garcia,Jose A. Garrido,Marco Gibertini,Armin Gölzhäuser,Julio Gómez,Thomas Greber,Frank Hauke,Adrian Hemmi,Irene Hernández-Rodríguez,Andreas Hirsch,Stephen A. Hodge,Yves Huttel,Peter Uhd Jepsen,I. Jimenez,Ute Kaiser,Tommi Kaplas,HoKwon Kim,Andras Kis,Konstantinos Papagelis,Konstantinos Papagelis,Kostas Kostarelos,Aleksandra Krajewska,Kangho Lee,Changfeng Li,Harri Lipsanen,Andrea Liscio,Martin R. Lohe,Annick Loiseau,Lucia Lombardi,María Francisca López,Oliver Martin,Cristina Martín,Lidia Martínez,José A. Martín-Gago,José I. Martínez,Nicola Marzari,Alvaro Mayoral,Alvaro Mayoral,John B. McManus,Manuela Melucci,Javier Méndez,Cesar Merino,Pablo Merino,Andreas Meyer,Elisa Miniussi,Vaidotas Miseikis,Neeraj Mishra,Vittorio Morandi,Carmen Munuera,Roberto Muñoz,Hugo Nolan,Luca Ortolani,A. K. Ott,A. K. Ott,Irene Palacio,Vincenzo Palermo,John Parthenios,Iwona Pasternak,Amalia Patanè,Maurizio Prato,Maurizio Prato,Henri Prevost,Vladimir Prudkovskiy,Nicola M. Pugno,Nicola M. Pugno,Nicola M. Pugno,Teófilo Rojo,Antonio Rossi,Pascal Ruffieux,Paolo Samorì,Léonard Schué,Eki J. Setijadi,Thomas Seyller,Giorgio Speranza,Christoph Stampfer,I. Stenger,Wlodek Strupinski,Yuri Svirko,Simone Taioli,Simone Taioli,Kenneth B. K. Teo,Matteo Testi,Flavia Tomarchio,Mauro Tortello,Emanuele Treossi,Andrey Turchanin,Ester Vázquez,Elvira Villaro,Patrick Rebsdorf Whelan,Zhenyuan Xia,Rositza Yakimova,Sheng Yang,G. Reza Yazdi,Chanyoung Yim,Duhee Yoon,Xianghui Zhang,Xiaodong Zhuang,Luigi Colombo,Andrea C. Ferrari,Mar García-Hernández +148 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures, adopting a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature and from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results.
Journal ArticleDOI
Tuning two-dimensional nanomaterials by intercalation: materials, properties and applications
TL;DR: The recent progress on host 2D materials, various intercalation species, andintercalation methods, as well as tunable properties and potential applications enabled by intercalated materials are comprehensively reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials
Giovanni Bottari,Giovanni Bottari,Ma Ángeles Herranz,Leonie Wibmer,Michel Volland,Laura Rodríguez-Pérez,Dirk M. Guldi,Andreas Hirsch,Nazario Martín,Nazario Martín,Francis D'Souza,Tomás Torres,Tomás Torres +12 more
TL;DR: An overview on the most relevant synthetic approaches for the covalent and non-covalent functionalization and characterization of GBMs of electroactive units and their application in solar energy conversion schemes and energy production is offered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Preparation and electrical properties of graphene nanosheet/Al2O3 composites
Yuchi Fan,Lianjun Wang,Jianlin Li,Jiaqi Li,Shi-Kuan Sun,Feng Chen,Lindong Chen,Wan Jiang,Wan Jiang +8 more
TL;DR: Fully dense graphene nanosheet (GNS)/Al2O3 composites with homogeneously distributed GNSs of thicknesses ranging from 2.5 to 20 nm have been fabricated from ball milled expanded graphite and Al 2O3 by spark plasma sintering as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Exfoliated graphene-like carbon nitride in organic solvents: enhanced photocatalytic activity and highly selective and sensitive sensor for the detection of trace amounts of Cu2+
Xiaojie She,Hui Xu,Yuanguo Xu,Jia Yan,Jiexiang Xia,Li Xu,Yanhua Song,Yan Jiang,Qi Zhang,Huaming Li +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional thin-layer structure with about 3-6 atoms thickness and a high specific surface area of 32.54 m2 g−1 was synthesized via liquid exfoliation from the bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) in 1,3butanediol (1,3-BUT) for the first time.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
Kostya S. Novoselov,Andre K. Geim,Sergey V. Morozov,Da Jiang,Y. Zhang,S. V. Dubonos,Irina V. Grigorieva,A. A. Firsov +7 more
TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Journal ArticleDOI
The rise of graphene
TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
Kostya S. Novoselov,A. K. Geim,Sergey V. Morozov,Da Jiang,Mikhail I. Katsnelson,Irina V. Grigorieva,S. V. Dubonos,A. A. Firsov +7 more
TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.
Andrea C. Ferrari,Jannik C. Meyer,Vittorio Scardaci,Cinzia Casiraghi,Michele Lazzeri,Francesco Mauri,S. Piscanec,Da Jiang,K. S. Novoselov,S. Roth,A. K. Geim +10 more
TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Journal ArticleDOI
Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide
Sasha Stankovich,Dmitriy A. Dikin,Richard D. Piner,Kevin A. Kohlhaas,Alfred Kleinhammes,Yuanyuan Jia,Yue Wu,SonBinh T. Nguyen,Rodney S. Ruoff +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.