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Intestinal Dysbiosis and Depletion of Butyrogenic Bacteria in Clostridium difficile Infection and Nosocomial Diarrhea

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TLDR
In this paper, the authors used high-density Roche 454 pyrosequencing to survey the distal gut microbiota for 39 individuals with CDI, 36 subjects with C. difficile-negative nosocomial diarrhea (CDN), and 40 healthy control subjects.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes nearly half a million cases of diarrhea and colitis in the United States each year. Although the importance of the gut microbiota in C. difficile pathogenesis is well recognized, components of the human gut flora critical for colonization resistance are not known. Culture-independent high-density Roche 454 pyrosequencing was used to survey the distal gut microbiota for 39 individuals with CDI, 36 subjects with C. difficile-negative nosocomial diarrhea (CDN), and 40 healthy control subjects. A total of 526,071 partial 16S rRNA sequence reads of the V1 to V3 regions were aligned with 16S databases, identifying 3,531 bacterial phylotypes from 115 fecal samples. Genomic analysis revealed significant alterations of organism lineages in both the CDI and CDN groups, which were accompanied by marked decreases in microbial diversity and species richness driven primarily by a paucity of phylotypes within the Firmicutes phylum. Normally abundant gut commensal organisms, including the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families and butyrate-producing C2 to C4 anaerobic fermenters, were significantly depleted in the CDI and CDN groups. These data demonstrate associations between the depletion of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and butyrogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota and nosocomial diarrhea, including C. difficile infection. Mechanistic studies focusing on the functional roles of these organisms in diarrheal diseases and resistance against C. difficile colonization are warranted.

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A cathodic electro-fermentation system for enhancing butyric acid production from rice straw with a mixed culture.

TL;DR: In this article, butyric acid production from rice straw, microbial fuel cell (MFC) and cathodic electro-fermentation (CEF) systems were constructed in the same mixed culture.
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Suppressive effect of Lactobacillus fermentum Lim2 on Clostridioides difficile 027 toxin production

TL;DR: A gene expression analysis indicated that in the presence of 100 mg ml−1 heat‐inactivated cell extract, the quorum‐sensing and the virulence factors were significantly suppressed, whereas the negative regulator gene was significantly up‐regulated, taken together, the significant anti‐pathogenic effect from L. fermentum Lim2 could potentially be used to treat C. difficile‐infections.
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Two Strains of Lactobacilli Effectively Decrease the Colonization of VRE in a Mouse Model.

TL;DR: Findings indicate that both FMT and Lactobacilli treatments were effective in decreasing the colonization of VRE in the gut.
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Identification of simplified microbial communities that inhibit Clostridioides difficile infection through dilution/extinction

TL;DR: An experimental platform to simplify complex communities of fecal bacteria through dilution and rapidly screen for their ability to inhibit C. difficile in vitro is developed and validated and identifies four new simplified communities of microbes with potential for development of new therapies to treat C.difficile disease in humans.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

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Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium difficile

TL;DR: The infusion of donor feces was significantly more effective for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection than the use of vancomycin and patients showed increased fecal bacterial diversity, similar to that in healthy donors, with an increase in Bacteroidetes species and clostridium clusters IV and XIVa and a decrease in Proteobacteria species.
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