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Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins

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TLDR
A previously unrecognized direct signal transduction pathway to the nucleus has been uncovered: IFN-receptor interaction at the cell surface leads to the activation of kinases of the Jak family that phosphorylate substrate proteins called STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription).
Abstract
Through the study of transcriptional activation in response to interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), a previously unrecognized direct signal transduction pathway to the nucleus has been uncovered: IFN-receptor interaction at the cell surface leads to the activation of kinases of the Jak family that then phosphorylate substrate proteins called STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription). The phosphorylated STAT proteins move to the nucleus, bind specific DNA elements, and direct transcription. Recognition of the molecules involved in the IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma pathway has led to discoveries that a number of STAT family members exist and that other polypeptide ligands also use the Jak-STAT molecules in signal transduction.

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Involvement of Proteasomes in Regulating Jak-STAT Pathways upon Interleukin-2 Stimulation

TL;DR: It is reported here that IL-2-induced DNA-binding activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 are stabilized by a proteasome inhibitor MG132; however, no detectable ubiquitination of the STAT proteins is observed.
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Knockout of the Sendai virus C gene eliminates the viral ability to prevent the interferon‐α/β‐mediated responses

TL;DR: Findings reveal crucial roles of the SeV C proteins in blocking IFN‐α‐mediated responses and the subsequent establishment of an anti‐viral state.
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Innate immunity and HCV

TL;DR: Recent genetic variations near the IL28B were found to be strongly associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV and response to treatment with PegIFN-α and ribavirin, which supports a central role of the innate immune response in host-viral interactions.
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Differential activation of Stat3 and Stat5 by distinct regions of the growth hormone receptor.

TL;DR: The results show that a cytokine receptor can mediate differently the activation of distinct Stat proteins that could be involved in cytokine-specific effects.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c- fos proto-oncogene

TL;DR: Transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene is greatly increased within minutes of administering purified growth factors to quiescent 3T3 cells, and this stimulation is the most rapid transcriptional response to peptide growth factors yet described, implying a role for c- fos in cell-cycle control.
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Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

TL;DR: Gel electrophoresis in studies of equilibrium binding, site distribution, and kinetics of protein-DNA interactions found that binding to the so-called third operator site (03) is 15-18 fold weaker than operator binding, and that the binding reactions with the first and third operators are uncoupled, implying that there is no communication between the sites.
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Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6

TL;DR: A new family member, Stat3, becomes activated through phosphorylation on tyrosine as a DNA binding protein in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6 but not interferon gamma (IFN-gamma).
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SH2 and SH3 Domains: Elements that Control Interactions of Cytoplasmic Signaling Proteins

TL;DR: Observations suggest that SH2 and SH3 domains participate in the control of intracellular responses to growth factor stimulation.
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A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory system

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that even when pre-formed in the presence of CAP-cAMP, the polymerase-promoter open complex becomes unstable if CAP is then selectively removed, and this gel method is applied to the study of the E. coli lactose operon regulatory system.
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