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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

PD-1 Is Expressed by Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and Is Associated with Poor Outcome for Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma

TLDR
Interactions between immune cell PD-1 and B7-H1 may promote cancer progression by contributing to immune dysfunction in patients with RCC, and levels of immune cells expressingPD-1 were increased in Patients with high-risk RCC tumors.
Abstract
Purpose: B7-H1 is expressed by clinically aggressive forms of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and predicts adverse outcome. B7-H1 is known to impair host immunity via interaction with the Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor, which is expressed by activated T cells. Levels of immune cells expressing PD-1 (PD-1 + ) in clinical RCC tumors have not been evaluated. Thus, we tested whether immune cell PD-1 expression is observed within aggressive RCC tumors. Experimental Design: Between 2000 and 2003, 267 patients underwent nephrectomy at our institution for clear cell RCC and had fresh-frozen tissue available for review. These RCC specimens were immunostained using anti–PD-1 (clone MIH4) and outcome analyses were conducted. Results: Mononuclear immune cell infiltration was observed in 136 (50.9%) specimens. PD-1 + immune cells were present in 77 of these 136 (56.6%) tumors. In contrast, RCC tumor cells did not express PD-1. Patients with PD-1 + immune cells were significantly more likely to harbor B7-H1 + tumor cells ( P P = 0.001), and tumors of higher nuclear grade ( P = 0.001). Likewise, intratumoral PD-1 + immune cells were associated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis stage ( P = 0.005), coagulative tumor necrosis ( P = 0.027), and sarcomatoid differentiation ( P = 0.008). With a median follow-up of 2.9 years, 52 patients died from RCC. Univariately, patients with PD-1 + immune cells were at significant risk of cancer-specific death compared with PD-1 − patients (risk ratio, 2.24; P = 0.004). Conclusions: Levels of immune cells expressing PD-1 were increased in patients with high-risk RCC tumors. Interactions between immune cell PD-1 and B7-H1 may promote cancer progression by contributing to immune dysfunction in patients with RCC.

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TL;DR: It is suggested that the tumor microenvironment can lead to up-regulation of PD-1 on tumor-reactive T cells and contribute to impaired antitumor immune responses.
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TL;DR: The history ofPD-1 research since its discovery and recent findings that suggest promising future for the clinical application of PD-1 agonists and antagonists to various human diseases are summarized.
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed genes expressed in functionally impaired virus-specific CD8 T cells present in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and compared these with the gene profile of functional memory CD8T cells.
Journal Article

Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection

TL;DR: It is found that even in persistently infected mice that were lacking CD4 T-cell help, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway had a beneficial effect on the ‘helpless’ CD8 T cells, restoring their ability to undergo proliferation, secrete cytokines, kill infected cells and decrease viral load.
Journal ArticleDOI

Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death.

TL;DR: The results suggest that activation of the PD‐1 gene may be involved in the classical type of programmed cell death.
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