Journal ArticleDOI
Protozoan encounters with Toll-like receptor signalling pathways: implications for host parasitism
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TLDR
Recent insights are described into how parasitic protozoans are sensed by TLR molecules, and how the TLR system itself can be targeted by these microbial pathogens for their own survival.Abstract:
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as a major receptor family involved in non-self recognition. They have a vital role in triggering innate immunity and orchestrate the acquired immune response during bacterial and viral infection. However, the role of TLRs during infection with protozoan pathogens is less clear. Nevertheless, our understanding of how these parasitic microorganisms engage the host TLR signalling system has now entered a phase of rapid expansion. This Review describes recent insights into how parasitic protozoans are sensed by TLR molecules, and how the TLR system itself can be targeted by these microbial pathogens for their own survival.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Toll-like Receptors and Their Crosstalk with Other Innate Receptors in Infection and Immunity
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
TL;DR: The role played by TLRs in mounting protective immune responses against infection and their crosstalk with other PRRs with respect to pathogen recognition is focused on.
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Pathogen Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling in Innate Immune Defenses
TL;DR: This review presents current knowledge on pathogen recognition through different families of PRRs and the increasingly complex signaling pathways responsible for activation of an inflammatory and antimicrobial response and medical implications are discussed.
In the absence of endogenous IL-10, mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii succumb to a lethal
Ricardo T. Gazzinelli,Maria Wysocka,Sara Hieny,Tanya Scharton-Kersten,Allen W. Cheever,Ralf Kühn,Werner Müller,Giorgio Trinchieri,Alan Sher +8 more
TL;DR: In vitro depletion experiments indicated that CD4+ lymphocytes are the major source of the latter cytokine in the spleen cell populations, and in vivo depletion with anti-CD4 Abs protected the IL-10 KO mice from parasite-induced mortality.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity
Audicana Mt,Kennedy Mw +1 more
TL;DR: This review discusses A. simplex pathogenesis in humans, covering immune hypersensitivity reactions both in the context of a living infection and in terms of exposure to its allergens by other routes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors
TL;DR: Recent advances that illustrate how virulence factors disarm innate immunity and promote survival of the parasite are reviewed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
TL;DR: New insights into innate immunity are changing the way the way the authors think about pathogenesis and the treatment of infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmunity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Innate Immune Recognition
TL;DR: Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses to antigens derived from microbial pathogens to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Malcolm J. Gardner,Neil Hall,Eula Fung,Owen White,Matthew Berriman,Richard W. Hyman,Jane M. Carlton,Arnab Pain,Karen E. Nelson,Sharen Bowman,Ian T. Paulsen,Keith D. James,Jonathan A. Eisen,Kim Rutherford,Steven L. Salzberg,Alister Craig,Sue Kyes,Man Suen Chan,Vishvanath Nene,Shamira J. Shallom,Bernard B. Suh,Jeremy Peterson,Samuel V. Angiuoli,Mihaela Pertea,Jonathan E. Allen,Jeremy D. Selengut,Daniel H. Haft,Michael W. Mather,Akhil B. Vaidya,David M. A. Martin,Alan H. Fairlamb,Martin Fraunholz,David S. Roos,Stuart A. Ralph,Geoffrey I. McFadden,Leda M. Cummings,G. Mani Subramanian,Christopher J. Mungall,J. Craig Venter,Daniel J. Carucci,Stephen L. Hoffman,Chris I. Newbold,Ronald W. Davis,Claire M. Fraser,Bart Barrell +44 more
TL;DR: The genome sequence of P. falciparum clone 3D7 is reported, which is the most (A + T)-rich genome sequenced to date and is being exploited in the search for new drugs and vaccines to fight malaria.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
Masahiro Yamamoto,Shintaro Sato,Hiroaki Hemmi,Katsuaki Hoshino,Tsuneyasu Kaisho,Hideki Sanjo,Osamu Takeuchi,Masanaka Sugiyama,Masaru Okabe,Kiyoshi Takeda,Shizuo Akira +10 more
TL;DR: It is shown that TRIF is essential for TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways facilitating mammalian antiviral host defense and complete loss of nuclear factor kappa B activation in response toTLR4 stimulation is demonstrated.