Journal ArticleDOI
Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change
Corinne Le Quéré,Christian Rödenbeck,Erik T. Buitenhuis,Thomas J. Conway,Ray L. Langenfelds,Antony Gomez,Casper Labuschagne,Michel Ramonet,Takakiyo Nakazawa,Nicolas Metzl,Nathan P. Gillett,Martin Heimann +11 more
TLDR
It is estimated that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 by 0.08 petagrams of carbon per year per decade relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO2.Abstract:
Based on observed atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and an inverse method, we estimate that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 by 0.08 petagrams of carbon per year per decade relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO2. We attribute this weakening to the observed increase in Southern Ocean winds resulting from human activities, which is projected to continue in the future. Consequences include a reduction of the efficiency of the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 in the short term (about 25 years) and possibly a higher level of stabilization of atmospheric CO2 on a multicentury time scale.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity
Johan Rockström,Johan Rockström,Will Steffen,Will Steffen,Kevin J. Noone,Åsa Persson,Åsa Persson,F. Stuart Chapin,Eric F. Lambin,Timothy M. Lenton,Marten Scheffer,Carl Folke,Carl Folke,Hans Joachim Schellnhuber,Hans Joachim Schellnhuber,Björn Nykvist,Björn Nykvist,Cynthia A. de Wit,Terry P. Hughes,Sander van der Leeuw,Henning Rodhe,Sverker Sörlin,Sverker Sörlin,Peter K. Snyder,Robert Costanza,Robert Costanza,Uno Svedin,Malin Falkenmark,Malin Falkenmark,Louise Karlberg,Louise Karlberg,Robert W. Corell,Victoria J. Fabry,James Hansen,Brian Walker,Brian Walker,Diana Liverman,Katherine Richardson,Paul J. Crutzen,Jonathan A. Foley +39 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new approach to global sustainability in which they define planetary boundaries within which they expect that humanity can operate safely. But the proposed concept of "planetary boundaries" lays the groundwork for shifting our approach to governance and management, away from the essentially sectoral analyses of limits to growth aimed at minimizing negative externalities, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development.
Journal ArticleDOI
Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks
Josep G. Canadell,Corinne Le Quéré,Michael R. Raupach,Christopher B. Field,Erik T. Buitenhuis,Philippe Ciais,Thomas J. Conway,Nathan P. Gillett,Richard A. Houghton,Gregg Marland +9 more
TL;DR: The growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the largest human contributor to human-induced climate change, is increasing rapidly and three processes contribute to this rapid increase: emissions, global economic activity, carbon intensity of the global economy, and the increase in airborne fraction of CO2 emissions.
Book ChapterDOI
Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles
Philippe Ciais,Christopher L. Sabine,Govindasamy Bala,Laurent Bopp,Victor Brovkin,Josep G. Canadell,Abha Chhabra,Ruth DeFries,James N. Galloway,Martin Heimann,Chris D. Jones,C. Le Quéré,Ranga B. Myneni,S. L. Piao,Peter E. Thornton +14 more
TL;DR: For base year 2010, anthropogenic activities created ~210 (190 to 230) TgN of reactive nitrogen Nr from N2 as discussed by the authors, which is at least 2 times larger than the rate of natural terrestrial creation of ~58 Tg N (50 to 100 Tg nr yr−1) (Table 6.9, Section 1a).
Journal ArticleDOI
Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide
Corinne Le Quéré,Corinne Le Quéré,Michael R. Raupach,Josep G. Canadell,Gregg Marland,Laurent Bopp,Philippe Ciais,Thomas J. Conway,Scott C. Doney,Richard A. Feely,Pru N Foster,Pierre Friedlingstein,Kevin R. Gurney,Richard A. Houghton,Joanna Isobel House,Chris Huntingford,Peter Levy,Mark R. Lomas,Joseph D. Majkut,Nicolas Metzl,Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto,Glen P. Peters,I. Colin Prentice,James T. Randerson,Steven W. Running,Jorge L. Sarmiento,Ute Schuster,Stephen Sitch,Taro Takahashi,Nicolas Viovy,Guido R. van der Werf,F. Ian Woodward +31 more
TL;DR: In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO 2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans
Taro Takahashi,Stewart C Sutherland,Rik Wanninkhof,Colm Sweeney,Richard A. Feely,D.W. Chipman,Burke Hales,Gernot E. Friederich,Francisco P. Chavez,Christopher L. Sabine,Andrew J. Watson,Dorothee C. E. Bakker,Ute Schuster,Nicolas Metzl,Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue,Masao Ishii,Takashi Midorikawa,Yukihiro Nojiri,Arne Körtzinger,Tobias Steinhoff,Mario Hoppema,Jón Ólafsson,Thorarinn S. Arnarson,Bronte Tilbrook,Truls Johannessen,Are Olsen,Richard G. J. Bellerby,C. S. Wong,Bruno Delille,Nicholas R. Bates,Hein J W de Baar +30 more
TL;DR: In this article, a global mean distribution for surface water pCO2 over the global oceans in non-El Nino conditions has been constructed with spatial resolution of 4° (latitude) × 5° (longitude) for a reference year 2000 based upon about 3 million measurements of surface water PCO2 obtained from 1970 to 2007.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Eugenia Kalnay,Masao Kanamitsu,Robert Kistler,William D. Collins,D.G. Deaven,L. S. Gandin,M. Iredell,Suranjana Saha,Glenn H. White,John S. Woollen,Yuejian Zhu,Muthuvel Chelliah,Wesley Ebisuzaki,Wayne Higgins,John E. Janowiak,Kingtse C. Mo,Chester F. Ropelewski,Julian X. L. Wang,Ants Leetmaa,Richard W. Reynolds,Roy L. Jenne,Dennis Joseph +21 more
TL;DR: The NCEP/NCAR 40-yr reanalysis uses a frozen state-of-the-art global data assimilation system and a database as complete as possible, except that the horizontal resolution is T62 (about 210 km) as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from Observations and Reanalyses
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed an empirical definition of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) so that station data can be utilized to evaluate true temporal changes: six stations were used to calculate a proxy zonal mean sea level pressure (MSLP) at both 408 and 658S during 1958-2000.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the largest and most significant tropospheric trends can be traced to recent trends in the lower stratospheric polar vortex, which are due largely to photochemical ozone losses, and the trend toward stronger circumpolar flow has contributed substantially to the observed warming over the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia and to the cooling over eastern Antarctica and the Antarctic plateau.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide
Daniel M. Sigman,Edward A. Boyle +1 more
TL;DR: A version of the hypothesis that the whole-ocean reservoir of algal nutrients was larger during glacial times, strengthening the biological pump at low latitudes, where these nutrients are currently limiting is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages
TL;DR: In this article, an idealized general circulation model is constructed of the ocean's deep circulation and CO2 system that explains some of the more puzzling features of glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles, including the tight correlation between atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperatures, the lead of Antarctic temperatures over CO2 at terminations, and the shift of ocean's δ13C minimum from the North Pacific to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.
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