Journal ArticleDOI
Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Thomas C. Quinn,Maria J. Wawer,Nelson K. Sewankambo,David Serwadda,Chuanjun Li,Fred Wabwire-Mangen,Mary Meehan,Tom Lutalo,Ronald H. Gray +8 more
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TLDR
The viral load is the chief predictor of the risk of heterosexual transmission of HIV-1, and transmission is rare among persons with levels of less than 1500 copies of HIV -1 RNA per milliliter.Abstract:
Background and Methods We examined the influence of viral load in relation to other risk factors for the heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In a community-based study of 15,127 persons in a rural district of Uganda, we identified 415 couples in which one partner was HIV-1–positive and one was initially HIV-1–negative and followed them prospectively for up to 30 months. The incidence of HIV-1 infection per 100 person-years among the initially seronegative partners was examined in relation to behavioral and biologic variables. Results The male partner was HIV-1–positive in 228 couples, and the female partner was HIV-1–positive in 187 couples. Ninety of the 415 initially HIV-1–negative partners seroconverted (incidence, 11.8 per 100 person-years). The rate of male-to-female transmission was not significantly different from the rate of female-to-male transmission (12.0 per 100 person-years vs. 11.6 per 100 person-years). The incidence of seroconversion was highest among ...read more
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Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis.
TL;DR: Results support a significant and reliable association of alcohol use and medication nonadherence and Methodological variables seem to moderate this association and could contribute to inconsistent findings across studies.
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Challenges in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined the baseline rate of drug resistance in 2208 therapy-naive patients recently and chronically infected with HIV-1 from 19 European countries during 1996-2002.
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Louisa Degenhardt,Bradley Mathers,Peter Vickerman,Peter Vickerman,Tim Rhodes,Tim Rhodes,Carl A. Latkin,Matthew Hickman +7 more
TL;DR: Evidence on the effectiveness of individual-level approaches to prevention of HIV infection is summarized, global and regional coverage of opioid substitution treatment, needle and syringe programmes, and antiretroviral treatment is reviewed, and the effect of increased coverage and a combination of these three approaches on HIV transmission and prevalence in injecting drug users is modeled.
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Concurrent sexual partnerships help to explain Africa's high HIV prevalence: implications for prevention.
Daniel T. Halperin,Helen Epstein +1 more
TL;DR: Analysis of trends in India suggests that HIV prevalence both in high-risk groups and in the generally low-risk antenatal clinic population has probably stabilised in recent years, and it is possible that large-scale heterosexual epidemics will never emerge in most of Asia except perhaps on the island of Papua.
References
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TL;DR: The epidemiology and biology of the host-related factors that affect the sexual transmission of HIV and the host susceptibility and infectiousness environment biologic agent are discussed.
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