Showing papers on "Porphyrin published in 2019"

A Full-Spectrum Metal-Free Porphyrin Supramolecular Photocatalyst for Dual Functions of Highly Efficient Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution.

Abstract: A full-spectrum (300-700 nm) responsive porphyrin supramolecular photocatalyst with a theoretical solar spectrum efficiency of 44.4% is successfully constructed. For the first time, hydrogen and oxygen evolution (40.8 and 36.1 µmol g-1 h-1 ) is demonstrated by a porphyrin photocatalyst without the addition of any cocatalysts. The strong oxidizing performance also presents an efficient photodegradation activity that is more than ten times higher than that of g-C3 N4 for the photodegradation of phenol. The high photocatalytic reduction and oxidation activity arises from a strong built-in electric field due to molecular dipoles of electron-trapping groups and the nanocrystalline structure of the supramolecular photocatalyst. The appropriate band structure of the supramolecular photocatalyst adjusted via the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of the porphyrin gives rise to thermodynamic driving potential for H2 and O2 evolution under visible light irradiation. Controlling the energy band structure of photocatalysts via the ordered assembly of structure-designed organic molecules could provide a novel approach for the design of organic photocatalysts in energy and environmental applications.

Covalently Grafting Cobalt Porphyrin onto Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction

Abstract: Molecular complexes with inexpensive transition-metal centers have drawn extensive attention, as they show a high selectivity in the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to CO. In this work, we propose a new strategy to covalently graft cobalt porphyrin onto the surface of a carbon nanotube by a substitution reaction at the metal center. Material characterization and electrochemical studies reveal that the porphyrin molecules are well dispersed at a high loading of 10 wt. %. As a result, the turnover frequency for CO formation is improved by a factor of three compared to traditional physically-mixed catalysts with the same cobalt content. This leads to an outstanding overall current density of 25.1 mA cm-2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 98.3 % at 490 mV overpotential with excellent long-term stability. This work provides an effective pathway for the improvement of the performance of electrocatalysts that could inspire rational design of molecular catalysts in the future.

Renaissance of Fused Porphyrins: Substituted Methylene-Bridged Thiophene-Fused Strategy for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Abstract: Over the last decades, porphyrin sensitizers have made a remarkable contribution to performance improvement in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In particular, versatile push–pull-type porphyrin sensitizers have achieved power conversion efficiencies (η) over 10% as a result of their improved light-harvesting abilities. Meanwhile, aromatic ring fusion to a porphyrin core is an attractive option for highly efficient DSSCs because of its expanded π-conjugation and resultant red-shifted absorption. Nevertheless, aromatic-fused porphyrin sensitizers have suffered rather low cell performances due to their mismatch of HOMO–LUMO levels, high aggregation tendency, and short lifetime of the excited states. Bearing these in mind, we envisioned that the fusion of substituted methylene-bridged small aromatic ring to a porphyrin core would overcome these drawbacks, boosting the cell performance. Herein, we report a series of substituted methylene-bridged thiophene-fused porphyrins, AfZnP, DfZnP, and DfZnP-iPr. After...

Phthalocyanines and porphyrinoid analogues as hole- and electron-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells.

Abstract: Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite absorbers in combination with electron and hole transporting selective contacts result in power conversion efficiencies of over 23% under AM 1.5 sun conditions. The advantage of perovskite solar cells is their simple fabrication through solution-processing methods either in n-i-p or p-i-n configurations. Using TiO2 or SnO2 as an electron transporting layer, a compositionally engineered perovskite as an absorber layer, and Spiro-OMeTAD as a HTM, several groups have reported over 20% efficiency. Though perovskite solar cells reached comparable efficiency to that of crystalline silicon ones, their stability remains a bottleneck for commercialization partly due to the use of doped Spiro-OMeTAD. Several organic and inorganic hole transporting materials have been explored to increase the stability and power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. IIn this review, we analyse the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells incorporating phthalocyanine and porphyrin macrocycles as hole- and electron transporting materials. The π–π stacking orientation of these macrocycles on the perovskite surface is important in facilitating a vertical charge transport, resulting in high power conversion efficiency.

Highly Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CO in Water by a Cobalt Porphyrin Molecular Catalyst

Abstract: The performance of a water-soluble cobalt porphyrin ([{meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato}cobalt(III)], CoTPPS) as a catalyst for the photoreduction of CO2 in fully aqueous media has been in...

Efficient solar cells sensitized by a promising new type of porphyrin: dye-aggregation suppressed by double strapping

Abstract: Porphyrin sensitizers play essential roles in the development of efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To further improve power conversion efficiency (PCE), it is vital to reduce undesirable dye aggregation that causes serious charge recombination and lowered open-circuit voltages (Voc). To this end, we herein report a new class of porphyrin-based dyes XW40 and XW41, with the porphyrin cores strapped with two circle chains. Compared with the reference sensitizer XW10 which contains a porphyrin core wrapped in four dodecoxyl chains, the double strapping in XW40 not only effectively suppresses the dye aggregation but also improves the dye loading amount. As a result, the Voc and photocurrent (Jsc) were improved by 19 mV and 0.8 mA cm−2, respectively, compared with the corresponding values of XW10, and the efficiency was improved from 8.6% obtained for XW10 to 9.3% for XW40. To further extend the spectral response, an electron-withdrawing benzothiadiazole (BTD) unit was introduced as an auxiliary acceptor in XW41. Impressively, the onset wavelength of its IPCE spectrum was dramatically red-shifted to 830 nm. However, the extended π-conjugation framework results in aggravated dye aggregation, and thus a lowered efficiency of 8.2% was obtained for XW41. Through a combined approach of coadsorption and cosensitization, the efficiencies were dramatically enhanced to 10.6% and 10.2% for XW40 and XW41, respectively, as a result of simultaneously enhanced Voc and Jsc. The results of this work provide a novel strategy for developing efficient DSSCs by employing strapped porphyrin dyes.

Facile Synthesis of Porphyrin Based Covalent Organic Frameworks via an A2B2 Monomer for Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysis

Abstract: A new porphyrin covalent organic framework (A2B2-Por-COF) was readily constructed via self-polycondensation of an A2B2 porphyrin monomer. In contrast to the previously reported porphyrin COFs prepa...

Photoconductivity in Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Thin Films.

Abstract: Photoconductivity is a characteristic property of semi-conductors. Herein, we present a photo-conducting crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) thin film with an on-off photocurrent ratio of two orders of magnitude. These oriented, surface-mounted MOF thin films (SURMOFs), contain porphyrin in the framework backbone and C60 guests, loaded in the pores using a layer-by-layer process. By comparison with results obtained for reference MOF structures and based on DFT calculations, we conclude that donor-acceptor interactions between the porphyrin of the host MOF and the C60 guests give rise to a rapid charge separation. Subsequently, holes and electrons are transported through separate channels formed by porphyrin and by C60 , respectively. The ability to tune the properties and energy levels of the porphyrin and fullerene, along with the controlled organization of donor-acceptor pairs in this regular framework offers potential to increase the photoconduction on-off ratio.

Visible-light-switched electron transfer over single porphyrin-metal atom center for highly selective electroreduction of carbon dioxide

Abstract: External fields are introduced to catalytic processes to improve catalytic activities. The light field effect plays an important role in electrocatalytic processes, but is not fully understood. Here we report a series of photo-coupled electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction by mimicking the structure of chlorophyll. The porphyrin-Au catalyst exhibits a high turnover frequency of 37,069 h−1 at −1.1 V and CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 94.2% at −0.9 V. Under visible light, the electrocatalyst reaches similar turnover frequency and FE with potential reduced by ~ 130 mV. Interestingly, the light-induced positive shifts of 20, 100, and 130 mV for porphyrin-Co, porphyrin-Cu, and porphyrin-Au electrocatalysts are consistent with their energy gaps of 0, 1.5, and 1.7 eV, respectively, suggesting the porphyrin not only serves as a ligand but also as a photoswitch to regulate electron transfer pathway to the metal center. The light field effect can improve performance in electrocatalytic processes, but is not fully understood. Here the authors design a photo-coupled electrocatalyst using a porphyrin ligand as a photosensitizer and a coordinated metal as a catalytically active site for carbon dioxide reduction.

Porphyrin as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agent.

Abstract: The synthesis and application of porphyrins has seen a huge shift towards research in porphyrin bio-molecular based systems in the past decade. The preferential localization of porphyrins in tumors, as well as their ability to generate reactive singlet oxygen and low dark toxicities has resulted in their use in therapeutic applications such as photodynamic therapy. However, their inherent lack of bio-distribution due to water insolubility has shifted research into porphyrin-nanomaterial conjugated systems to address this challenge. This has broadened their bio-applications, viz. bio-sensors, fluorescence tracking, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging to photo-immuno-therapy just to highlight a few. This paper reviews the unique theranostic role of porphyrins in disease diagnosis and therapy. The review highlights porphyrin conjugated systems and their applications. The review ends by bringing current challenges and future perspectives of porphyrin based conjugated systems and their respective applications into light.

Facile Solvent-Free Synthesis of Thin Iron Porphyrin COFs on Carbon Cloth Electrodes for CO2 Reduction

Abstract: We demonstrate the solvent-free synthesis of a covalent organic framework (COF) containing 5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin Fe(III) chloride (FeTAPPCl) and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde ...

Piezo-promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species and the photodegradation of organic pollutants

Abstract: Composite of porphyrins and piezoelectric materials is a promising method to overcome the limitation of photocatalytic response of composite catalysts, inhibit photogenerated electron-hole recombination and enhance photocatalytic degradation performance. Here, the Fe-S electronic channel is formed by the combination of MoS2 and iron porphyrin, which enhances the electron transfer performance of iron porphyrin to MoS2 semiconductor. At the same time, two-dimensional MoS2 surface with piezoelectric properties forms an electric field, which further enhances charge separation and piezoelectric catalytic performance. The photoexcitation of porphyrin and the piezoelectric excitation of molybdenum sulfide cooperate with each other under the simultaneous action of light and ultrasound. Oxygen radicals and hydroxyl radicals are enhanced, and the catalytic degradation performance is further enhanced. By strengthening the interaction between porphyrins and piezoelectric materials, especially bonding, a good and stable catalyst for pollutant degradation and purification was prepared.

Mechanism of Catalytic O2 Reduction by Iron Tetraphenylporphyrin.

Abstract: The catalytic reduction of O2 to H2O is important for energy transduction in both synthetic and natural systems. Herein, we report a kinetic and thermochemical study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyzed by iron tetraphenylporphyrin (Fe(TPP)) in N, N'-dimethylformamide using decamethylferrocene as a soluble reductant and para-toluenesulfonic acid ( pTsOH) as the proton source. This work identifies and characterizes catalytic intermediates and their thermochemistry, providing a detailed mechanistic understanding of the system. Specifically, reduction of the ferric porphyrin, [FeIII(TPP)]+, forms the ferrous porphyrin, FeII(TPP), which binds O2 reversibly to form the ferric-superoxide porphyrin complex, FeIII(TPP)(O2•-). The temperature dependence of both the electron transfer and O2 binding equilibrium constants has been determined. Kinetic studies over a range of concentrations and temperatures show that the catalyst resting state changes during the course of each catalytic run, necessitating the use of global kinetic modeling to extract rate constants and kinetic barriers. The rate-determining step in oxygen reduction is the protonation of FeIII(TPP)(O2•-) by pTsOH, which proceeds with a substantial kinetic barrier. Computational studies indicate that this barrier for proton transfer arises from an unfavorable preassociation of the proton donor with the superoxide adduct and a transition state that requires significant desolvation of the proton donor. Together, these results are the first example of oxygen reduction by iron tetraphenylporphyrin where the pre-equilibria among ferric, ferrous, and ferric-superoxide intermediates have been quantified under catalytic conditions. This work gives a generalizable model for the mechanism of iron porphyrin-catalyzed ORR and provides an unusually complete mechanistic study of an ORR reaction. More broadly, this study also highlights the kinetic challenges for proton transfer to catalytic intermediates in organic media.

Covalent ligation of Co molecular catalyst to carbon cloth for efficient electroreduction of CO2 in water

Abstract: Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in water catalysed by porphyrins is a viable way to environmentally friendly CO2 valorisation, while efficient catalyst immobilization on the electrode surface is one of the key challenges to answer. Herein we present a concept of “molecular wire” i.e. connection of the catalyst to electrode via a conductive covalent linker. To covalently immobilize Co porphyrin core onto carbon cloth we employed reduction of corresponding diazonium salt. “Wiring” via resulting phenylene group had profound effect on electrocatalytic performance. Formation of CO in neutral aqueous electrolyte at –1.05 V vs NHE (η = 500 mV) occurs with TOF of 8.3 s−1 while noncovalent counterpart has TOF of 4.5 s−1 only. Compared to the noncovalent mode, covalent ligation leads to 2.4 times higher surface density of electrochemically active species and maximum FE (CO) is achieved at 50 mV less negative potential. The catalyst accumulated 3.9‧105 TON in 24 h long electrolysis surpassing performance of drop-cast analogue by a factor of 3 and showed FE (CO) of up to 81%. Notably, the TON and TOF values achieved in our study are one of the highest reported to date surpassing those measured for Fe hydroxyporphyrins and Co porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks. Electrokinetic analysis demonstrated that the electron transfer from electrode onto porphyrin moiety plays an important role in overall reaction kinetics and conductive link with the support is a key element of heterogeneous catalyst design.

Molecular Engineering of Free‐Base Porphyrins as Ligands—The N−H⋅⋅⋅X Binding Motif in Tetrapyrroles

Abstract: The core N-H units of planar porphyrins are often inaccessible to forming hydrogen-bonding complexes with acceptor molecules. This is due to the fact that the amine moieties are "shielded" by the macrocyclic system, impeding the formation of intermolecular H-bonds. However, methods exist to modulate the tetrapyrrole conformations and to reshape the vector of N-H orientation outwards, thus increasing their availability and reactivity. Strategies include the use of porpho(di)methenes and phlorins (calixphyrins), as well as saddle-distorted porphyrins. The former form cavities due to interruption of the aromatic system. The latter are highly basic systems and capable of binding anions and neutral molecules via N-H⋅⋅⋅X-type H-bonds. This Review discusses the role of porphyrin(oid) ligands in various coordination-type complexes, means to access the core for hydrogen bonding, the concept of conformational control, and emerging applications, such as organocatalysis and sensors.

Photochemical CO2 Reduction Driven by Water-Soluble Copper(I) Photosensitizer with the Catalysis Accelerated by Multi-Electron Chargeable Cobalt Porphyrin

Abstract: Without using precious elements, a highly efficient and selective molecular-based photocatalytic system for CO2-to-CO conversion in fully aqueous media has been developed. Our copper(I)-based water...

One-Pot Synthesis of Framework Porphyrin Materials and Their Applications in Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Abstract: Organic framework materials constructed by covalently linking organic building blocks into framework structures are highly regarded as paragons to precisely control the material structure at the atomic level. Herein, a direct synthesis methodology is proposed as a guidance for the bulk synthesis of organic framework materials. Framework porphyrin (POF) materials are one-pot synthesized to demonstrate the advances of the direct synthesis methodology. The as-synthesized POF materials are intrinsically 2D and exhibit impressive versatility in composition, structure, morphology, and function, delivering a free-standing POF film, hybrids of POF and nanocarbon, and cobalt-coordinated POF. When applied as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, the cobaltcoordinated POF exhibits excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic performances comparable with noble-metal-based electrocatalysts. The direct synthesis methodology and resultant POF materials demonstrate the ability of controlling materials at the atomic level for energy electrocatalysis.

Role of 2nd sphere H-bonding residues in tuning the kinetics of CO2 reduction to CO by iron porphyrin complexes

Abstract: Iron porphyrins are potential catalysts for the electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of CO2. It has been recently established that the reduction of CO2 by an iron porphyrin complex with a hydrogen bonding distal pocket involves at least two intermediates: a Fe(II)–CO22− and a Fe(II)–COOH species. A distal hydrogen bonding interaction was found to be key in determining the stability of these intermediates and affecting both the selectivity and rate of CO2 reduction. In this report, a series of iron porphyrins that vary only in the distal H-bonding network are further investigated and these exhibit turnover frequencies (TOFs) ranging from 1.0 s−1 to 103 s−1. The experimental TOFs correlate with the H-bonding ability of the distal superstructure of these iron porphyrin complexes and analysis suggests that H-bonding alone can tune the rate of CO2 reduction by as much as 1000 fold. DFT calculations provide a detailed insight into how the, apparently weak, 2nd sphere interactions lead to efficient CO2 activation for reduction. The ability to tune CO2 reduction rates by changing the H-bonding residue instead of the acid source is a convenient way to tune CO2 reduction electrocatalysis without compromising selectivity by introducing competitive hydrogen evolution reaction or formate generation.

A hybrid of g-C 3 N 4 and porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks via liquid-assisted grinding for enhanced visible-light-driven photoactivity.

Abstract: Designing photocatalysts with heterostructures is an effective way to promote visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation. Herein, a series of 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts, denoted as CuPor-Ph-COF/g-C3N4 composites, were prepared through in situ synthesis on the surface of g-C3N4 by a facile liquid-assisted grinding method. The photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared CuPor-Ph-COF/g-C3N4 composites was evaluated by the degradation of a model pollutant rhodamine B. The CuPor-Ph-COF/g-C3N4 composites displayed superior photocatalytic performance to pure g-C3N4 or pure CuPor-Ph-COF because of the faster separation of photogenerated charges. This represents the first composite fabricated between a 2D porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (COF) and g-C3N4, demonstrating not only the possibility but also more importantly the affordability of the application of costly porphyrin-based COFs in catalysis.

Conjugated Macrocycle Polymer Nanoparticles with Alternating Pillarenes and Porphyrins as Struts and Cyclic Nodes.

Abstract: Conjugated macrocycle polymers (CMPs) integrated using the macrocyclic confinement effect make imposing restrictions feasible on the growth of metal nanoparticles with confined size and high dispersion. For a proof-of-concept exploration, a novel nanoscale CMP is reported, denoted as DMP[5]-TPP-CMP, comprising two representative types of macrocyclic compounds, i.e., pillararene and porphyrin, as alternating strut/node components in the skeleton. With abundant anchoring sites, CMP implanted with Pd nanoparticles (Pd@DMP[5]-TPP-CMP, Pd@CMP for short) is successfully obtained through a simple post-treatment, exhibiting remarkable catalytic activity in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) and nitrophenol reduction. The as-prepared Pd@CMP material shows favorable performance in expediting the process of SMC with an appreciable yield even under mild conditions, as well as in facilitating the electron transfer process from borohydride to nitrophenol through metal-hydride complex to produce aminophenol with a very short transformation time of 3 min and superior apparent kinetic rate constant k app of 1.9 × 10-2 s-1 , higher than most palladium supports. Significantly, this multifunctional Pd@CMP composite material not only enriches the family of CMPs, but also sheds light on the development of green catalysts with excellent stability and easy recyclability without deactivation.

Enhanced Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 Catalyzed by Cobalt and Iron Amino Porphyrin Complexes

Abstract: Metallo-porphyrin complexes such as cobalt and iron porphyrins (CoP and FeP) have shown potential as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Here we report that introducing amino substituents enhances ...

Efficacious Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution from a Novel Co(II) Porphyrin/Pyrene-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer

Abstract: Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is energetically challenging from the platform of making many photovoltaic devices such as metal-air batteries and water splitting systems because of its poor kinetics even when precious metals are used. Herein, a Co(II)-porphyrin/pyrene-comprised conjugated microporous polymer Co-MPPy-1 has been developed which shows efficient OER in alkaline medium. The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, N2 volumetric adsorption/desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy, ultra high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other physical studies. Co-MPPy-1 showed Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of ∼501 m2 g-1. Co-MPPy-1 achieved a current density of 1 and 10 mA/cm-2 at 340 and 420 mV, respectively. The turnover frequency calculated for the OER is 0.43 s-1. The heterogeneity of this electrocatalyst was tested by chronoamperometric measurement and 1000 cycle recyclability test with retainment of the excellent electrochemical catalytic activity. This can be attributed to the presence of high density of Co(II) porphyrin unit and efficient charge transport in the π-conductive conjugated polymeric backbone.

Systematic optimization of the substituents on the phenothiazine donor of doubly strapped porphyrin sensitizers: an efficiency over 11% unassisted by any cosensitizer or coadsorbent

Abstract: Four novel porphyrin dyes XW48–XW51 with a doubly strapped porphyrin framework and judicious optimization of the substituents of the phenothiazine donor have been synthesized and utilized as DSSC dyes. On the basis of XW40, bulky 2,6-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl groups were incorporated into the phenothiazine donor by replacing the hexyl, 4-hexyloxyphenyl and both of them, to afford XW48, XW49 and XW50, respectively. On the basis of XW50, XW51 was synthesized by using 2,4-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl in place of the 2,6-bis(hexyloxy)phenyl units. As a result, the Voc values were enhanced stepwisely from 730 mV (XW40) to ca. 750 mV (XW48/XW49) and then to 761 mV (XW50). Compared with XW50, XW51 contains a bulky donor with more evenly distributed alkoxyl chains, which tend to form a more compact self-assembled monolayer to impede the penetration of I3−. Hence, an extraordinarily high Voc of 781 mV was achieved for XW51. As a result, the efficiency was dramatically improved to 11.1%, which is the highest efficiency for DSSCs based on an individual sensitizer using the iodine electrolyte, to the best of our knowledge. Furthermore, high efficiencies of 10.1% and 9.7% were also obtained for XW50 and XW51, respectively, based on the cobalt electrolyte.

Efficient DNA-Catalyzed Porphyrin Metalation for Fluorescent Ratiometric Pb2+ Detection.

Abstract: Developing biosensors for Pb2+ is an important analytical topic. DNA-based Pb2+ sensors have been designed mainly based on RNA-cleaving DNAzymes and Pb2+-induced folding of G-quadruplex (G4) DNA. Porphyrin metalation is a key reaction in biology and catalysis. Many enzyme mimics have been developed to catalyze this reaction, and some metalation DNAzymes were reported with a G4 structure. Inspired by the excellent G4 binding properties of certain divalent metal ions, we herein screened a few metals and G-rich DNA sequences. The metalation activity of a DNA named T30695 (sequence: (G3T)4) was significantly accelerated by Pb2+. The reaction of Cu2+ insertion into the mesoporphyrin IX had a kcat of 0.89 min-1 and a Km of 9.8 μM, representing a catalytic efficiency similar to that of human ferrochelatase. The reason for the acceleration was attributed to Pb2+ binding of the G4 DNA and the catalytic activity of the large Pb2+ ion for this reaction. A ratiometric sensor for Pb2+ was developed by inserting Zn2+ with a detection limit of 23.5 nM Pb2+. This work has established a new DNA-based reaction that can be used for Pb2+ detection, and it also provides a highly efficient new DNAzyme for porphyrin metalation, which might be used for signal production for other biosensors.

Giant UV Photoresponse of GaN-Based Photodetectors by Surface Modification Using Phenol-Functionalized Porphyrin Organic Molecules.

Abstract: Organic molecular monolayers (MoLs) have been used for improving the performance of various electronic device structures. In this work, the concept of organic molecular surface modification is appl...