抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

Electromagnetic (EM) lens antenna designs using cascaded metasurfaces for gain enhancement and beam steering applications are proposed. Two different lens aperture designs are proposed and populated with aperiodic unit cells of size 0.2λo × 0.2λo. In lens Design 1, the unit cells of different phases are distributed in concentric circular zones, whereas in lens Design 2, the unit cells of different phases are distributed in vertical linear zones on the aperture of the EM lens. Both lenses are composed of two cascaded metasurfaces with an air gap of 0.047λo (where λo = 51.7 mm at 5.8 GHz). For gain enhancement, the metasurfaces are positioned at an optimum focal distance, f = 0.61λo above source patch antenna (f/D = 0.3). Beam steering is accomplished by phase transformation of the source antenna, which can be realized by mechanically sliding the passive metasurfaces in one direction (i.e., ±x‐direction) above the source antenna. The prototype of the two proposed lenses are fabricated and tested. The measured peak boresight gain obtained from Design 1 and 2 are 14.98 and 15.12 dBi, respectively. The experimental results show −25° to +25° and −27° to +27° beam steering range for Design 1 and 2, respectively, with a little gain degradation at other angles.

Compact electromagnetic lens antennas using cascaded metasurfaces for gain enhancement and beam steering applications

Background/Aim: In every surgeon's routine practice, one of the most common acute surgical condition is acute appendicitis. Appendicular lump\nis formation occurs if treatment is delayed, in around 2- 6% of patients. The standard management of appendicular lump is conservative, followed\nby interval appendectomy. If conventional treatment is followed around 10-20% of the cases are not resolved and lead to gangrene or perforation\nfollowed by appendicular abscess or generalised peritonitis requiring early surgical intervention. Our study is a comparison of early exploration\nversus conservative management of appendicular lump. Material and Methods:Aprospective study conducted on 200 patients who presented to\nemergency or surgical opd at a tertiary care centre in central Rajasthan, India. All patients presenting with an appendicular lump over a period of 2\nyears were included in the study. The participants were divided randomly into two groups; Group 1 consisted of people who underwent early\nsurgical intervention and group 2, consisting of people in whom conservative approach with OCHSNER SHERREN REGIME followed by\ninterval appendectomy was done. Results: Out of 200 patients, the majority were males belonging to the age group of 15–20 years. Clinical\npresentation was similar among both the groups, although complications were signicantly more among Gr(P-0.04). The mean hospital stay\namong group 2 was 6+/-1.8 days which was substantially less than that of group 2, 8+/-2.06 days.Conclusion: Thus, we concluded from the study\nndings that early surgical exploration in cases of appendicitis helps in early diagnosis and treatment, decrease the hospital stay as well as\ncomplications thereby reducing the cost of treatment.

Management of appendicular lump: single institute experience in a tertiary care centre

Next generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled us to understand the extraordinary plasticity of prokaryotic genomes. Metagenome (qualitative and quantitative analysis of eDNA) beholds the great potential of unveiling the variable regions of the individual genotypes. At the species level genomes are comprised mainly of two types of genetic content, the core genome (present in all strains) and variable genome (present only in few strains). These strain specific gene inventories are commonly known as Genomic islands (GIs) and when they are called upon using metagenomic reads they are called as Metagenomic Islands (MIs). MIs can be further explained as habitat independent gene acquisitions of a parent genotype that have been already reported from various environments. Till date, various studies have been published which can clearly explain the potential of metagenomics to not only reveal the diversity and functional gene content of previously unknown microbial diversity but also the genome recruitment of any of the enriched species or genotype [4]. Preliminary taxonomical analysis of EGTs (environmental gene tags) against any of the public sequence database can reveal the relative abundance of the actual microbial diversity (at various ranks) present at that particular environment. After quantifying the genomic fragments of dominant species, metagenomic recruitment plots can be generated using whole metagenomic data. Additionally, individual reads can be binned at various percentage identities using already sequenced neighbour as the reference genome. De novo assembly followed by assembly validation can further help to taxonomically identify the assembled genotype. Here we are sharing (ahead of publication) a metagenomic recruitment plot of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum (Fig. 1) generated by aligning metagenomics reads of a HCH contaminated dumpsite soil (un-published data Sangwan and Lal et al.). Although sequencing depth is lower, one can easily observe the genomic fragments that are completely absent or misrepresented in the following metagenomic dataset. MIs were indentified and checked for there functional status.



Fig. 1

Sphingobium chlorophenolicum genome and metagenomic islands. Metagenomic reads from a HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane) contaminated dumpsite soil were aligned on the reference genome along with the coverage parameter. Each spot on the graph represents a metagenomic ...



Metagenomic reads can be reference assembled directly or contigs/scaffolds from de novo assembly of binned EGTs can be reference mapped to the present reference genome sequences. Several strategies have been used to assemble, validate and taxonomically characterizing the contigs/scaffolds obtained from de novo or reference based metagenome assemblies [1]. In acid mine drainage (AMD) analysis Tyson et al. used a whole genome assembler algorithm to assemble the long, capillary sequencing reads. Later, scaffolds were assigned to microbial groups using their average GC% percentage [1]. Assembly was validated using mate pair constraints and taxonomy was decided using partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis. As the microbiota of the acid mine drainage was inhabited by only one or two naturally selected microbial groups extensive genome assembly was possible with their accurate taxonomical assignments. Where as in Permafrost analysis [5] a draft genome assembly of a previously unknown methanotroph was obtained using De-Brujin based algorithm and single copy (total 19 genes) gene based validation. Total metagenomic data (pre-processed) was assembled on 41 K-mer length and contigs were taxonomically characterized (at various ranks) using MEGAN [2]. Coverage for individual contigs was calculated via remapping the metagenomic reads on contigs. It was observed that environmental methanotroph assembled was representing the dominant population responsible for oxidation of the methane produced after defrosting of the ice. It was the first successful attempt to assemble a draft genome from a complex matrix (soil).

The most discussed and still un-standardized parameter in the target metagenome assembly is the coverage cut-off. In acid mine drainage study scaffolds with 3× to 10× coverage were assembled and assigned to various microbial groups. Where as in permafrost analysis average contig coverage was >73×. Recently Luo et al. [3] have published some methodological standards for a individual genome assemblies from short metagenomic sequencing data. Metagenome assemblies were performed with simulated metagenomic reads spiked with sequence reads of a target genome. Reference genome coverage was plotted against several parameters (single base call error, N50 length and non target sequence) and it was observed that a minimum of 20× coverage is required for a robust and valid metagenome assembly, targeting a specific genotype. Similar analysis was performed on non-simulated metagenomic datasets. Since the current studies were based upon the short sequence reads (illumina) their relevance with other NGS platforms are still to be evaluated. In summary, all of the current metagenomic assembly efforts are qualitatively in agreement with the fact that assembling and validating an environmental genome from metagenomic dataset is still not a trivial task. Latest sequencing approaches like SIP (stable isotope probing) followed by whole genome sequencing and single cell genomics can really help to assemble a complete environmental genome (enriched) from a metagenomic dataset considering the coverage and sequencing artefacts.

Recruiting environmental genomes from metagenomes.

The objective of study to show the effect of inorganic fertilizers sources with vermicompost on soil parameters of carrot. For this experiment, a randomized block design was implemented, featuring three levels for both NPK (0%, 50% and 1OO%) and Vermicompost (0%, 50%, and ,1OO%). The treatments were replicated three times and allocated random of each replication. The result shows that significant in pore space (%), water holding capacity, organic carbon and available NPK in depth wise findings. Treatment T9 [NPK @ 100% + Vermicompost @ 100%] has shown best in all parameters of soil compared toT1 [(control) NPK @ 0% + Vermicompost @ 0%]. Application of NPK and Vermicompost increased growth, yield of carrot and improved also physical and chemical properties of soil.

Soil Parameters of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) under Treatment with Inorganic Fertilizers and Vermicompost

A case of a 16-year-old Indian adolescent with discal herniation in L4 – L5 region with classical sign of ‘foot drop’ was successfully managed by conservative, non-surgical approach following principles of yoga intervention. Patients practised yoga under supervision of yoga expert, four times a day for first two weeks followed by once a day for consecutive two years. Yoga protocol included gentle yoga based loosening practices, simple asanas, yogic breathing techniques and yogic guided relaxation, pranayama and meditation. One year and two-year follow-ups showed complete revival of normal function and healing of the affected spinal cord disorder. A case which was recommended for surgery recovered with yoga intervention. doi: 10.38205/imcr.010215

/pdf/conservative-and-non-surgical-management-of-lumbar-disc-5fbt01f818.pdf

Amit Singh

Papers

Compact electromagnetic lens antennas using cascaded metasurfaces for gain enhancement and beam steering applications

Management of appendicular lump: single institute experience in a tertiary care centre

Recruiting environmental genomes from metagenomes.

Soil Parameters of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) under Treatment with Inorganic Fertilizers and Vermicompost

Conservative and non-surgical management of lumbar disc herniation