抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is chronic disease involving mostly small joints of hand and feet. Antibody – antigen reaction are used for diagnosis. The correct choice and interpretation of these tests depends on detailed knowledge of patients. The aim of our study was to assess serum CRP and RA factor as marker for RA. The study was conducted at department of microbiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad. In total, 100 patients were included. 88% of samples were positive for CRP and 77% for RA factor. Among 88% patients, 28.4% were male and 71.6% were female whereas in 77% cases of RA, 27.2% were males and 72.8% were female. There was significant association of gender with CRP (p < 0.05).The frequency of positive result was high in age group 41-50 years for both CRP (30.7%) and RA factor (26.1%).The association was found significant between age group and CRP only (p<0.01). When the association between CRP and RA factor was determined, it was found highly significant (p<0.001). RA factor and CRP are the markers used for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. RA factor is more specific and can be detectable in serum only in conditions of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Ra factor and crp: markers for rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND \nTuberculosis remains a major global problem and a public health issue of considerable magnitude. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that one third of the world’s population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the highest prevalence of tuberculosis in Asia. Shunt surgery for hydrocephalus associated with tuberculous meningitis has proven to be highly efficacious. Few studies have addressed the issue of outcome of shunt surgery and impact of CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) picture in post tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus shunt surgery.\n MATERIAL AND METHODS \nThe study was a prospective study conducted in Department of Neurosurgery, PGIMER, Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi. The duration of follow up was of 6 months. 70 patients were enrolled in the study. All patients who underwent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery for hydrocephalus with tuberculous meningitis in Neurosurgery department at PGIMER & Dr.RML hospital were included in the study. All the patients who had hydrocephalus following tuberculous meningitis were evaluated using Modified Vellore grading of TBM and hydrocephalus. All the patients who underwent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery had have their CSF analysis (cytology, protein, sugar, Gram stain, ZN stain, India ink and aerobic culture) done. Outcome of the surgery were evaluated based on Glasgow outcome score (GOS), radiological parameters and complications. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS program for Windows, version 17.0. \nRESULTS \nThe age of patients enrolled into the study varied from 2 months to 87 years with 44.3% of patients in 1-5 years age group. Patients were divided into 4 grades according to Modified Vellore Grading. Grades at the time of admission were compared with the final Glasgow outcome scale. At the time of admission 6 patients were in Grade I, 13 patients in Grade II, 45 patients in Grade III and 6 patients in Grade IV. GOS was 5 in Grade I, 4.69 +/- in Grade II, 4.50 +/- IN Grade III and 2.17+/- in Grade IV. Outcome was compared according to Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count, sugar and protein levels but none was found to be significant. Number of shunt revisions were compared to CSF cell count and sugar level but none was found to be significant. Mean FH/ID ratio before surgery was 60.89% which was reduced to 43.70% after 6 months follow up. \nCONCLUSION \nVentriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery is a safe and effective treatment modality to treat tuberculous meningitis with hydrocephalus in all grades of patients except in Grade IV. CSF protein, sugar levels and cell count neither affect the outcome nor increase the risk of shunt malfunction

/pdf/shunt-malfunction-in-tuberculous-meningitis-whether-grade-1smedenigo.pdf

Shunt malfunction in tuberculous meningitis- whether grade and csf picture affect outcome

The experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria (PSB) and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) with graded levels of Phosphorus on growth and yield of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). The design of experiment was three Factorial Randomized Block Design with 12 treatments and replicated thrice. Experimental results showed significant increase in growth parameters of litchi trees viz., increase in plant height (8.43 cm), increase in canopy spread (E-W) (17.41 cm) and yield parameters viz., fruit weight (22.74 g), aril weight (14.16 g), maximum juice content (10.26 ml), fruit yield (20.38 kg/tree) were recorded the highest with the application of 600g P + 100g of PSB + 100g of VAM/ tree. Treatment applied with 400g of P + 100g of PSB + 100g of VAM (T8) showed significant increase in stem girth (6.73 cm), took minimum days from flowering to harvesting of fruits (76.92) and gave maximum peel weight (4.46 g). 

/pdf/effect-of-psb-and-vam-with-graded-levels-of-phosphorus-on-3dxhzldv.pdf

Effect of PSB and VAM with graded levels of Phosphorus on growth and yield of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Muzaffarpur under foothills of Arunachal Pradesh

This paper presents a dual watermarking scheme to improve the performance of discrete wavelet transforms (RDWT), non sub-sampled contourlet transform (NSCT)and singular value decomposition (SVD) based method. The method uses RDWT, NSCT, SVD and set partitioning in hierarchical tree (SPIHT) to provide better robustness, security, embedding capacity etc. In proposed scheme, the text watermark is embedded inside logo watermark to generatea dual watermark image. Further, dual watermark is embedded inside cover Lena image to produce watermarked image. Experimental results clearly revealed better performance of our technique against various attacks. Performance shows that this proposed method is more robust as compared to previous method.

SPIHT based dual watermarking technique in NSCT domain

A 51 years male motor mechanic turned shopkeeper presented to us with complaints of progressive exertional breathlessness and pitting pedal edema for last one year. On examination, a wide pulse pressure (160/40 → 0) was found and a continuous murmur (with thrill) was heard over his left parasternal region, best in the 3rd and 4th intercostals spaces, that was more prominent during diastole. A clinical diagnosis of ruptured sinus of Valsalva into right ventricular was made. Upon reviewing his records it was found that he was first diagnosed as having this illness in 1979 when he presented as a 26 year old man with sudden onset chest pain with severe breathlessness. Although advised surgery then, he did not comply. Eleven years later (in 1991) he again came to this institute and was referred to cardiology as a case of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO). Echocardiography and blood cultures done then established the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. With appropriate antibiotics he improved and was cured of infective endocarditis. Even after this episode of infective endocarditis he refused surgery. By judicious curtailment of his activities involving strain, and with medical therapy he had so far led a productive life. This time he presented with the dyspnea on exertion (NYHA class II) and over these years began to perceive his murmur (complains he hears it). We performed his ECHO (Figs. 1, 2, 3) and wish to report this case since a limited number of patients have been reported with as long productive lives after rupture of sinus of valsalva into right ventricle. Whereas, in most cases this illness is known to proceed quickly to decompensated failure, there are a very few reports of prolonged survival. Chojnacki1 reported a case who underwent surgery after 15 years of detection. Another patient survived 17 years.2 An interesting case report of aneurysm of all three sinus of valsalva was published in 19403, and the subject survived 30 years. Our patient has survived 25 years now since rupture and is amongst the longest reported survivors.

Amit Singh

Papers

Ra factor and crp: markers for rheumatoid arthritis

Shunt malfunction in tuberculous meningitis- whether grade and csf picture affect outcome

Effect of PSB and VAM with graded levels of Phosphorus on growth and yield of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Muzaffarpur under foothills of Arunachal Pradesh

SPIHT based dual watermarking technique in NSCT domain

Ruptured sinus of valsalva into right ventricle: a unique case with prolonged survival.