Islamic Azad University

About: Islamic Azad University is a education organization based out in Tehran, Iran. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Catalysis. The organization has 83635 authors who have published 113437 publications receiving 1275049 citations. The organization is also known as: Azad University.

Optimal PMU placement for power system observability using binary particle swarm optimization and considering measurement redundancy

Abstract: Highlights? In this study we present a binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs). ? Flow measurements and injection measurements are considered as conventional measurements. ? This study shows the Effect of maximization measurement redundancy on the test system. ? We conclude that the whole system can be observable with installing PMUs on less than 25% of system buses. This study presents a binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) based methodology for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) when using a mixed measurement set. The optimal PMU placement problem is formulated to minimize the number of PMUs installation subject to full network observability and to maximize the measurement redundancy at the power system buses. In order to ensure full network observability in an electric power network the topology-based algorithm is used and Several factors considered; such as the available data from existing conventional measurements, the number and location of zero injection buses, the number and location of installed PMUs and of course, the system topology. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified by the simulation results of IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus-118 bus systems, respectively. The results show that the whole system can be observable with installing PMUs on less than 25% of system buses. For verification of our proposed method, the results are compared with some newly reported methods which show the method as a novel solution to obtain redundant measurement system with the least number of phasor measurement units.

Health Concerns of Various Nanoparticles: A Review of Their in Vitro and in Vivo Toxicity.

Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently used in diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, cytotoxic effects of NPs on normal cells and living organs is a severe limiting factor that hinders their use in clinic. In addition, diversity of NPs and their physico-chemical properties, including particle size, shape, surface area, dispersity and protein corona effects are considered as key factors that have a crucial impact on their safe or toxicological behaviors. Current studies on toxic effects of NPs are aimed to identify the targets and mechanisms of their side effects, with a focus on elucidating the patterns of NP transport, accumulation, degradation, and elimination, in both in vitro and in vitro models. NPs can enter the body through inhalation, skin and digestive routes. Consequently, there is a need for reliable information about effects of NPs on various organs in order to reveal their efficacy and impact on health. This review covers the existing knowledge base on the subject that hopefully prepares us better to address these challenges.