Long Island University

About: Long Island University is a education organization based out in Brookville, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 2647 authors who have published 4924 publications receiving 108757 citations.

Validating Work Discrimination and Coping Strategy Models for Sexual Minorities.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to validate and expand on Y. B. Chung's (2001) models of work discrimination and coping strategies among lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons. In semistructured individual interviews, 17 lesbians and gay men reported 35 discrimination incidents and their related coping strategies. Responses were coded based on Chung's models. Results supported the validity of the Work Discrimination model and two coping strategy models (Vocational Choice and Identity Management). The Discrimination Management coping strategy model was expanded. Implications for practice and research are discussed. In a special issue of The Career Development Quarterly (Savickas, 2003) that was devoted to trend analyses of career development literature and projections for the next decade, Chung (2003a) identified one significant and cutting-edge development of this literature - the vocational behavior of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons. He stated that conceptual and practical articles about the career development of LGB persons began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s (e.g., Elliott, 1993; Hetherington, Hillerbrand, & Etringer, 1989; Hetherington & Orzek, 1989), followed by theoretical and empirical work during the past decade (e.g., Bieschke & Matthews, 1996; Chung, 2001; Rostosky & Riggle, 2002). Two of the most important areas of inquiry regarding the vocational behavior of LGB persons are work discrimination and coping strategies (Chung, 2001 , 2003b; Croteau, Anderson, DiStefano, & Kampa-Kokesch, 2000). Discrimination in the workplace is an existing barrier that affects LGB persons, and researchers have suggested that work discrimination has a profound effect on the well-being of this population (Croteau, 1996; Croteau Sc Hedstrom, 1993; Driscoll, Kelley, & Fassinger, 1996; Elliott, 1993; Fassinger, 1995, 1996; Griffin, 1992; Hetherington et al., 1989; Levine & Leonard, 1984; Morgan 8c Brown, 1991; Orzek, 1992; Pope, 1995, 1996; Worthington, McCrary, Sc Howard, 1998). In response to discrimination, LGB persons must learn to develop effective coping strategies (Griffin, 1992; Levine & Leonard, 1984; Pope, 1996). It is essential for career counselors to understand the various forms of work discrimination, their effects, and various coping strategies that correspond to the individual needs and self-efficacy of LGB clients. Chung (2001) proposed two conceptual frameworks about work discrimination and coping strategies based on an integration of existing literarure. He defined work discrimination as "unfair and negative treatment of workers or job applicants based on personal attributes that are irrelevant to job performance" (Chung, 2001 , p. 34). His Work Discrimination model describes the nature of work discrimination along three dimensions: (a) formal versus informal, (b) perceived versus real, and (c) potential versus encountered. Formal discrimination pertains to institutional policies or decisions that affect an employee's status of employment (e.g., being hired or fired, receiving a promotion), job assignment, and compensation. Informal discrimination refers to workplace behavior or atmosphere that is hostile or not welcoming. Perceived discrimination involves acts that are discriminatory according to perceptions; whereas real discrimination is based on actuality. Potential cuscrirnination refers to possible discrimination that would occur should a person's LGB identity become known or be assumed. Encountered discrimination is discriminatory acts that the person experiences. These three dimensions (2x2x2) describe eight types of work discrimination (e.g., perceived-potential-formai discrimination, real-encountered-informal discrimination). How these eight types of work discrimination are manifested under various federal and state laws or institutional discrimination policies and how they affect employees' well-being and coping are worthy topics for investigation. …

AMR, stability and higher accuracy

Abstract: Efforts to achieve better accuracy in numerical relativity have so far focused either on implementing second-order accurate adaptive mesh refinement or on defining higher order accurate differences and update schemes. Here, we argue for the combination, that is a higher order accurate adaptive scheme. This combines the power that adaptive gridding techniques provide to resolve fine scales (in addition to a more efficient use of resources) together with the higher accuracy furnished by higher order schemes when the solution is adequately resolved. To define a convenient higher order adaptive mesh refinement scheme, we discuss a few different modifications of the standard, second-order accurate approach of Berger and Oliger. Applying each of these methods to a simple model problem, we find these options have unstable modes. However, a novel approach to dealing with the grid boundaries introduced by the adaptivity appears stable and quite promising for the use of high order operators within an adaptive framework.

Becoming borg to become immortal: regulating brain implant technologies.

Abstract: Revolutions in semiconductor device miniaturization, bioelectronics, and applied neural control technologies are enabling scientists to create machine-assisted minds, science fiction's “cyborgs.” In a paper published in 1999, we sought to draw attention to the advances in prosthetic devices, to the myriad of artificial implants, and to the early developments of this technology in cochlear and retinal implants. Our concern, then and now, was to draw attention to the ethical issues arising from these innovations. Since that time, breakthroughs have occurred at a breathtaking pace. Scientists, researchers, and engineers using differing methodologies are pursuing the possibilities of direct interfaces between brains and machines. Technological innovations as such are neither good nor evil; it is the uses devised for them that create moral implications. As there can be ethical problems inherent in the proper human uses of technologies and because brain chips are a very likely future technology, it is prudent to formulate policies and regulations that will mitigate their ill effects before the technologies are widespread. Unlike genetic technologies, which have received widespread scrutiny within the scientific community, national governments, and international forums, brain–machine interfaces have received little social or ethical scrutiny. However, the potential of this technology to change and significantly affect humans is potentially far greater than that of genetic enhancements, because genetic enhancements are inherently limited by biology and the single location of an individual, whereas hybrids of human and machine are not so restricted. Today, intense interest is focused on the development of drugs to enhance memory; yet, these drugs merely promise an improvement of normal memory, not the encyclopedic recall of a computer-enhanced mind combined with the ability to share information at a distance. The potential of brain chips for transforming humanity are astounding. This paper describes advances in hybrid brain–machine interfaces, offers some likely hypotheses concerning future developments, reflects on the implications of combining cloning and transplanted brain chips, and suggests some potential methods of regulating these technologies.We are grateful to Prof. Michah D. Hester for helpful comments on this article.

Foucault and the Architecture of Surveillance: Creating Regimes of Power in Schools, Shrines, and Society

Abstract: Michel Foucault's critical studies concerning regimes of power are of special interest when applied to architecture. In particular, he warned of the hazards of building surveillance into architectural structures for the purpose of monitoring people and took as his historical exemplar English philosopher Jeremy Bentham's “Panopticon,” a structure originally used to assist in rehabilitating prisoners. He felt this kind of regulatory control resulted in maintaining power of one group over another. This article discusses what Foucault called the general ordering of the visible and the invisible by examining architecture as he viewed it—as an operation of power, control, and domination. More to the point, it places this belief in the context of power constructions in both sacred and school architecture and how this, in turn, creates a carceral society. This article also puts forward some of Foucault's thinking on architecture and connects this to his ideas of perceptual visibles and invisibles. The suggestion ...