Long Island University

About: Long Island University is a education organization based out in Brookville, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 2647 authors who have published 4924 publications receiving 108757 citations.

Energy Barriers to Chemical Reactions. Why, How, and How Much? Non-Arrhenius Behavior in Hydrogen Abstractions by Radicals

Abstract: Using free-radical hydrogen abstractions of the type X−H + •Y → X• + H−Y as a model for reactions involving simultaneous bond breaking and bond making, we find that the enthalpy of activation may increase or decrease with temperature. This depends on changes in bond dissociation energies and their effect on (a) the enthalpy of reaction and (b) the triplet repulsion between the terminal groups X and Y. The variety of observed curvatures in plots of ln(k) vs 1/T for eight typical reactions can be described primarily by these two factors, over temperature ranges greater than 1000 K. The reactions treated are OCH2 + •H, CH4 + •H, H2 + •CH3, C2H6 + •CH3, C2H6 + •H, H2 + •C2H5, CH4 + •Br, and H2 + •Br.

Relation between premorbid personality and patterns of emotion expression in mid- to late-stage dementia.

Abstract: Twenty-seven nursing home patients with mid- to late-stage dementia participated in a study of the relation between preillness personality, as indexed by attachment and emotion regulation style, and current emotional behavior Preillness measures were completed by family members and current assessments of emotion were supplied by nursing home aides and family members; in addition, emotion was coded during a family visit using an objective coding system for facial emotion expressions Attachment style was found to be related to the expression of positive affect, with securely attached individuals displaying more positive affect than avoidantly attached individuals In addition, high ratings on premorbid hostility were associated with higher rates of negative affect and lower rates of positive affect These findings indicate that premorbid aspects of personality show continuity over time, even in mid- to late-stage dementia

CEO perceptions and corporate turnaround

Abstract: CEO decision-making is profoundly impacted by perceptions about organizational identity. In this paper we report on the results of a study of communication patterns in letters to shareholders of a sample of firms that achieved successful turnaround. The results indicate that replacement of the CEO is a common but not essential element of successful turnaround. Results show distinctly different patterns of attribution and communication in turnaround firms that replace the CEO versus those that do not. From these results we identify patterns of communication that seem related to successful turnaround. Implications for over-identification with a firm and management reasoning are discussed.

Climate hypersensitivity to solar forcing

Abstract: We compare the equilibrium climate responses of a quasi-dynamical energy balance model to radiative forcing by equivalent changes in CO2, solar total irradiance (Stot) and solar UV (SUV). The response is largest in the SUV case, in which the imposed UV radiative forcing is preferentially absorbed in the layer above 250 mb, in contrast to the weak response from global-columnar radiative loading by increases in CO2 or Stot. The hypersensitive response of the climate system to solar UV forcing is caused by strongly coupled feedback involving vertical static stability, tropical thick cirrus ice clouds and stratospheric ozone. This mechanism offers a plausible explanation of the apparent hypersensitivity of climate to solar forcing, as suggested by analyses of recent climatic records. The model hypersensitivity strongly depends on climate parameters, especially cloud radiative properties, but is effective for arguably realistic values of these parameters. The proposed solar forcing mechanism should be further confirmed using other models (e.g., general circulation models) that may better capture radiative and dynamical couplings of the troposphere and stratosphere.

Teaching spontaneous responses to young children with autism.

Abstract: Using a multiple probe design across responses, we demonstrated the effectiveness of intensive intervention in establishing spontaneous verbal responses to 2 3-year-old children with autism with generalization to novel settings involving novel persons. Intervention involved discrete-trial instruction (i.e., repeated instructional opportunities presented in close proximity to high rates of reinforcement), specific prompts, and error correction. Spontaneous responses were defined as specific verbal utterances (e.g., the child says “bless you”) following discriminative stimuli that did not involve explicit vocal directives (e.g., adult sneeze). The development of effective interventions to address the social-communicative needs of very young children with autism is discussed.