Showing papers by "Mines ParisTech published in 2010"
TL;DR: Knowledge brokers are people or organizations that move knowledge around and create connections between researchers and their various audiences as discussed by the authors, and they also produce a new kind of knowledge: brokered knowledge.
Abstract: Knowledge brokers are people or organizations that move knowledge around and create connections between researchers and their various audiences. This commentary reviews some of the literature on knowledge brokering and lays out some thoughts on how to analyze and theorize this practice. Discussing the invisibility and interstitiality of knowledge brokers, the author argues that social scientists need to analyze more thoroughly their practices, the brokering devices they use, and the benefits and drawbacks of their double peripherality. The author also argues that knowledge brokers do not only move knowledge, but they also produce a new kind of knowledge: brokered knowledge.
555 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the material constitutive equations and computational tools which have been recently developed to simulate ductile rupture and fracture, which are used in structural computations.
Abstract: The past 20 years have seen substantial work on the modeling of ductile damage and fracture. Several factors explain this interest. (i) There is a growing demand to provide tools which allow to increase the efficiency of structures (reduce weight, increase service temperature or load, etc.) while keeping or increasing safety. This goal is indeed first achieved by using better materials but also by improving design tools. Better tools have been provided which consist (ii) of material constitutive equations integrating a physically-based description of damage processes and (iii) of better numerical tools which allow to use the improved constitutive equations in structural computations which become more and more realistic. This article reviews the material constitutive equations and computational tools, which have been recently developed to simulate ductile rupture.
471 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that drug–target interactions are more correlated with pharmacological effect similarity than with chemical structure similarity, and a new method to predict unknown drug– target interactions from chemical, genomic and pharmacological data on a large scale is developed.
Abstract: Motivation:In silico prediction of drug–target interactions from heterogeneous biological data is critical in the search for drugs and therapeutic targets for known diseases such as cancers. There is therefore a strong incentive to develop new methods capable of detecting these potential drug–target interactions efficiently.
Results: In this article, we investigate the relationship between the chemical space, the pharmacological space and the topology of drug–target interaction networks, and show that drug–target interactions are more correlated with pharmacological effect similarity than with chemical structure similarity. We then develop a new method to predict unknown drug–target interactions from chemical, genomic and pharmacological data on a large scale. The proposed method consists of two steps: (i) prediction of pharmacological effects from chemical structures of given compounds and (ii) inference of unknown drug–target interactions based on the pharmacological effect similarity in the framework of supervised bipartite graph inference. The originality of the proposed method lies in the prediction of potential pharmacological similarity for any drug candidate compounds and in the integration of chemical, genomic and pharmacological data in a unified framework. In the results, we make predictions for four classes of important drug–target interactions involving enzymes, ion channels, GPCRs and nuclear receptors. Our comprehensively predicted drug–target interaction networks enable us to suggest many potential drug–target interactions and to increase research productivity toward genomic drug discovery.
Supplementary information: Datasets and all prediction results are available at http://cbio.ensmp.fr/~yyamanishi/pharmaco/.
Availability: Softwares are available upon request.
Contact: yoshihiro.yamanishi@ensmp.fr
436 citations
TL;DR: An iterative strategy to build designs of experiments is proposed, which is based on an explicit trade-off between reduction of global uncertainty and exploration of the regions of interest, which shows that a substantial reduction of error can be achieved in the crucial regions.
Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of designing experiments for a metamodel that needs to be accurate for a certain level of the response value. Such situation is encountered in particular in constrained optimization and reliability analysis. Here, we propose an iterative strategy to build designs of experiments, which is based on an explicit trade-off between reduction of global uncertainty and exploration of the regions of interest. The method is illustrated on several test-problems. It is shown that a substantial reduction of error can be achieved in the crucial regions, with reasonable loss on the global accuracy. The method is finally applied to a reliability analysis problem; it is found that the adaptive designs significantly outperform classical space-filling designs.
294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a generic method for the providing of prediction intervals of wind power generation is described, which employs a fuzzy inference model that permits to integrate expertise on the characteristics of prediction errors for providing conditional interval forecasts.
Abstract: A generic method for the providing of prediction intervals of wind power generation is described. Prediction intervals complement the more common wind power point forecasts, by giving a range of potential outcomes for a given probability, their so-called nominal coverage rate. Ideally they inform of the situation-specific uncertainty of point forecasts. In order to avoid a restrictive assumption on the shape of forecast error distributions, focus is given to an empirical and nonparametric approach named adapted resampling. This approach employs a fuzzy inference model that permits to integrate expertise on the characteristics of prediction errors for providing conditional interval forecasts. By simultaneously generating prediction intervals with various nominal coverage rates, one obtains full predictive distributions of wind generation. Adapted resampling is applied here to the case of an onshore Danish wind farm, for which three point forecasting methods are considered as input. The probabilistic forecasts generated are evaluated based on their reliability and sharpness, while compared to forecasts based on quantile regression and the climatology benchmark. The operational application of adapted resampling to the case of a large number of wind farms in Europe and Australia among others is finally discussed.
291 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that LINEs participate in creating a silent nuclear compartment into which genes become recruited during X chromosome inactivation, and that such LINE expression requires the specific heterochromatic state induced by Xist.
290 citations
TL;DR: Alternative methods for determining the anaerobic biodegradability of solid waste are presented and spectroscopy techniques seem to be useful for determining biodegradation, in particular by taking into account the interaction between different molecules in the organic matter.
271 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of torrefaction on wood grinding energy was investigated and a criterion to compare natural and torrefied wood is proposed, taking into account both grinding energy and particle size distribution.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of torrefaction on wood grinding energy. Wood chips were torrefied at different temperatures and durations. The energy required to obtain fine powder was measured. Particle size analyses were carried out on each powder sample. It is showed that torrefaction decreases both grinding energy and particle size distribution. A criterion to compare grindability of natural and torrefied wood is proposed. It takes into account both grinding energy and particle size distribution. It accounts the energy required for grinding particles to sizes inferior to 200 μm, for given grinding conditions. Torrefaction is characterised by the anhydrous weight loss (AWL) of wood. For AWL inferior to around 8%, grinding energy decreases fast. Over 8%, grinding energy decreases at a slow rate. Particle size distribution decreases linearly as the AWL increases. Both for spruce and beech, the grinding criterion is decreased of 93% when the AWL is around 28%.
264 citations
TL;DR: Pre-miR-630 arrested A549 cells in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle, correlating with increased levels of thecell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) as well as with reduced proliferation rates and resulting in greatly diminished sensitivity of A549 Cells to the late S-G2-M cell cycle arrest mediated by CDDP.
Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNA) are noncoding RNAs that regulate multiple cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis. We used microarray technology to identify miRNAs that were upregulated by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells in response to cisplatin (CDDP). The corresponding synthetic miRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs) per se were not lethal when transfected into A549 cells yet affected cell death induction by CDDP, C2-ceramide, cadmium, etoposide, and mitoxantrone in an inducer-specific fashion. Whereas synthetic miRNA inhibitors (anti-miRNAs) targeting miR-181a and miR-630 failed to modulate the response of A549 to CDDP, pre-miR-181a and pre-miR-630 enhanced and reduced CDDP-triggered cell death, respectively. Pre-miR-181a and pre-miR-630 consistently modulated mitochondrial/postmitochondrial steps of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, including Bax oligomerization, mitochondrial transmembrane potential dissipation, and the proteolytic maturation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In addition, pre-miR-630 blocked early manifestations of the DNA damage response, including the phosphorylation of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and of two ATM substrates, histone H2AX and p53. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of p53 corroborated the hypothesis that pre-miR-630 (but not pre-miR-181a) blocks the upstream signaling pathways that are ignited by DNA damage and converge on p53 activation. Pre-miR-630 arrested A549 cells in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle, correlating with increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) as well as with reduced proliferation rates and resulting in greatly diminished sensitivity of A549 cells to the late S-G2-M cell cycle arrest mediated by CDDP. Altogether, these results identify miR-181a and miR-630 as novel modulators of the CDDP response in NSCLC.
263 citations
03 May 2010
TL;DR: A revisited quadrotor model is proposed, including the so-called rotor drag, which differs from the model usually considered, even at first order, and much better explains the role of accelerometer feedback in control algorithms.
Abstract: A revisited quadrotor model is proposed, including in particular the so-called rotor drag. It differs from the model usually considered, even at first order, and much better explains the role of accelerometer feedback in control algorithms. The theoretical derivation is supported by experimental data.
258 citations
TL;DR: This model provides a generic high-level view of the interplays between NFκB pro-survival pathway, RIP1-dependent necrosis, and the apoptosis pathway in response to death receptor-mediated signals and expands the understanding of how cell fate decision is made.
Abstract: Cytokines such as TNF and FASL can trigger death or survival depending on cell lines and cellular conditions. The mechanistic details of how a cell chooses among these cell fates are still unclear. The understanding of these processes is important since they are altered in many diseases, including cancer and AIDS. Using a discrete modelling formalism, we present a mathematical model of cell fate decision recapitulating and integrating the most consistent facts extracted from the literature. This model provides a generic high-level view of the interplays between NFkappaB pro-survival pathway, RIP1-dependent necrosis, and the apoptosis pathway in response to death receptor-mediated signals. Wild type simulations demonstrate robust segregation of cellular responses to receptor engagement. Model simulations recapitulate documented phenotypes of protein knockdowns and enable the prediction of the effects of novel knockdowns. In silico experiments simulate the outcomes following ligand removal at different stages, and suggest experimental approaches to further validate and specialise the model for particular cell types. We also propose a reduced conceptual model implementing the logic of the decision process. This analysis gives specific predictions regarding cross-talks between the three pathways, as well as the transient role of RIP1 protein in necrosis, and confirms the phenotypes of novel perturbations. Our wild type and mutant simulations provide novel insights to restore apoptosis in defective cells. The model analysis expands our understanding of how cell fate decision is made. Moreover, our current model can be used to assess contradictory or controversial data from the literature. Ultimately, it constitutes a valuable reasoning tool to delineate novel experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, a high-resolution retrospective analysis of such droughts in France over the last fifty years, based on the Safran-Isba-Modcou (SIM) hydrometeorological suite, is described.
Abstract: . Physically-based droughts can be defined as a water deficit in at least one component of the land surface hydrological cycle. The reliance of different activity domains (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) on specific components of this cycle requires drought monitoring to be based on indices related to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts. This paper describes a high-resolution retrospective analysis of such droughts in France over the last fifty years, based on the Safran-Isba-Modcou (SIM) hydrometeorological suite. The high-resolution 1958–2008 Safran atmospheric reanalysis was used to force the Isba land surface scheme and the hydrogeological model Modcou. Meteorological droughts are characterized with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at time scales varying from 1 to 24 months. Similar standardizing methods were applied to soil moisture and streamflow for identifying multiscale agricultural droughts – through the Standardized Soil Wetness Index (SSWI) – and multiscale hydrological droughts, through the Standardized Flow Index (SFI). Based on a common threshold level for all indices, drought event statistics over the 50-yr period – number of events, duration, severity and magnitude – have been derived locally in order to highlight regional differences at multiple time scales and at multiple levels of the hydrological cycle (precipitation, soil moisture, streamflow). Results show a substantial variety of temporal drought patterns over the country that are highly dependent on both the variable and time scale considered. Independent spatio-temporal drought events have then been identified and described by combining local characteristics with the evolution of area under drought. Summary statistics have finally been used to compare past severe drought events, from multi-year precipitation deficits (1989–1990) to short hot and dry periods (2003). Results show that the ranking of drought events depends highly on both the time scale and the variable considered. This multilevel and multiscale drought climatology will serve as a basis for assessing the impacts of climate change on droughts in France.
25 Jun 2010-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of the quantitative measurement of the size of MX precipitates, subgrain size and dislocation density in a P91 steel that had been creep tested for 113,431 h at 600 ◦ C.
Abstract: There are rather few quantitative data on the microstructure of the 9-12%Cr heat resistant steels after long-term creep. This paper presents results of the quantitative measurement of the size of MX precipitates, subgrain size and dislocation density in a P91 steel that had been creep tested for 113,431 h at 600 ◦ C. The same measurements were conducted in the same P91 steel in the as received conditions. Transmission electron microscopy investigations were conducted using thin foils and revealed a decrease in dislocation density and an increase in subgrain size after creep exposure. MX carbonitrides are very stable during thermal and creep exposure of P91 steel at 600 ◦ C up to 113,431 h. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) investigations also revealed a significant change in the substructure of the steel after creep exposure.
TL;DR: In this paper, the evolution of microstructure (both matrix and precipitates) of an ASME Grade 91 steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and revealed chromium rich M 23 C 6 carbides, MX-type precipitates, Laves phases and modified Z-phases.
TL;DR: The North Cycladic Detachment System (NCDS) as discussed by the authors is composed of a series of distinct detachments cropping out on the islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos, separating the Cycladic Blueschists in the footwall from the Upper Cycladic Nappe in the hanging wall.
Book•
09 Sep 2010TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that instead of relying on traditional R&D and project management techniques, the strategic management of innovation must be based on innovative design activities and propose new management principles and techniques that deal with these activities, including innovation fields, lineages, C-K diagrams and design spaces.
Abstract: There is now widespread agreement that innovation holds the key to future economic and social prosperity in developed countries. Experts studying contemporary capitalism also agree that the battle against unemployment and relocations can only be won through innovation. But what kind of innovation is required and what is the best way to manage, steer and organize it? Grounded on experiences of innovative firms and based on recent design theories, this book argues that instead of relying on traditional R&D and project management techniques, the strategic management of innovation must be based on innovative design activities. It analyses and explains new management principles and techniques that deal with these activities, including innovation fields, lineages, C-K (Concept-Knowledge) diagrams and design spaces. The book is ideal for advanced courses in innovation management in industrial design schools, business schools, engineering schools, as well as managers looking to improve their practice.
TL;DR: An improved method of data analysis is suggested for the determination of VTF constants and it is demonstrated that cellulose-EMIMAc solution viscosity obeys VTF formalism.
Abstract: The viscosities of microcrystalline cellulose dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) and in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) were studied in detail as a function of polymer concentration and temperature. The goal was to compare the flow of solutions, macromolecule hydrodynamic properties in each solvent, and the activation energies of viscous flow. Intrinsic viscosities were determined using the truncated form of the general Huggins equation. In both solvents cellulose intrinsic viscosity decreases with increasing temperature, indicating the decrease of solvent thermodynamic quality. The activation energies for both types of cellulose solutions were calculated. For cellulose−EMIMAc the Arrhenius plot showed a concave shape, and thus the Vogel−Tamman−Fulcher (VTF) approach was used. We suggest an improved method of data analysis for the determination of VTF constants and demonstrate that cellulose−EMIMAc solution viscosity obeys VTF formalism. Once the dependences of Arrheni...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine attempts by French and UK governments to fill the gap between the US and Europe with respect to the creation of academic spin-offs and show that there is no convergence of national policies to foster the creation by academics.
Abstract: This paper examines attempts by French and UK governments to fill the gap between the US and Europe with respect to the creation of academic spin-offs. Analysis of the contrasting cases of the UK and France, shows that there is no convergence of national policies to foster the creation of firms by academics. Rather, the two countries demonstrate different rationales and approaches to policy in this area. In UK, the rationale for spin-off policy is mainly to develop a third stream of financing. Spin-offs are a part of a policy to commercialize technology and knowledge created by universities. Policy is at the university level, leading to the creation of diverse structures. Public schemes bring public money directly to universities. In France, the rationale for policy towards the creation of new ventures by academics is the development of high technology new ventures as part of a technological entrepreneurship policy. The notion of a third stream of financing for universities is an argument that is never advanced. The UK has placed the universities at the heart of policies aimed at the creation of spin-offs, this is not the case in France.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare two robust models of gradient elasticity and gradient plasticity, and one gradient model of heat transfer, as originally advocated by the second author in the 1980's.
TL;DR: The present implementation of stabilization finite element methods for the resolution of the 3D time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is able to exhibit good stability and accuracy properties for high Reynolds number flows with unstructured meshes.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the formation of the oxide film formed on nickel-based alloys in PWR primary coolant conditions (325 °C, aqueous media) in the range of 1-100 nm, depending on the surface state and the corrosion test duration.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential barrier against α-decay or α-capture has been determined within a liquid drop model including a proximity energy term, and simple expressions are provided to calculate the possible barrier radius and height.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Argon criterion of decohesion has been used in a model for nucleation in the case where martensite plays the role of inclusions, and the criterion has been modified to include the local stress field and the effect of kinematic hardening present in such a heterogeneous material.
TL;DR: The results show that the value of the contact angle of a powder determined by the Washburn method depends on the porosity of the powder bed, and that the structure parameter can be determined from the air permeability using the Kozeny-Carman expression.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of breakaway oxidation around protuberances in an MCrAlY bond coat in a thermal barrier coating (TBC) system during isothermal oxidation and after cooling is quantified numerically.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the monthly and seasonal variation of the wind characteristics in terms of wind energy potential using the wind speed data collected between 2002 and 2008 for four meteorological stations in Liguria region, in Northwest of Italy, namely Capo Vado, Casoni, Fontana Fresca and Monte Settepani.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the monthly and seasonal variation of the wind characteristics in term of wind energy potential using the wind speed data collected between 2002 and 2008 for four meteorological stations in Liguria region, in Northwest of Italy, namely Capo Vado, Casoni, Fontana Fresca and Monte Settepani. The results show that Capo Vado is the best site with a monthly mean wind speed between 2.80 and 9.98 m/s at a height of 10 m and a monthly wind power density between 90.71 and 1177.97 W/m2, while the highest energy produced may be reached in December with a value of 3800 MWh. This study may provide information for developing wind energy sites and planning economical wind turbines capacity for the electricity production in Liguria region, as well as an example of how, deepening the analysis at monthly and seasonal scale, the characteristics of the sites might fall in quite different classes of power density.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the difference between well-known consolidation principles and the proposed concept of logistical network pooling and apply this difference to several scenarios, which represent a good estimate of the potential savings from emissions.
Abstract: Consolidation of shipments is an old subject in logistics, however as the supply chain concept spreads amongst firms, a few of them are still thinking about using collaboration to reduce the environmental logistic footprint. How much reduction will there be in CO2 emissions if members of a supply chain start a collaboration to share supply networks? First, we present the difference between well-known consolidation principles and the proposed concept of logistical network pooling; then we apply this difference to several scenarios. As they were driven by logistical data from real firms, they represent a good estimate of the potential savings from emissions. The main finding of this research is a potential saving of at least 25% of CO2 emissions from pooled networks versus the current setup. Also discussed are the other effects of the different scenarios on delivery frequencies and collaboration viability.
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of environmental aging conditions on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was investigated, especially the effect of temperature on water diffusion has been studied.
TL;DR: This work points out the difficulties brought by the representation of the road network as a weighted complete graph for general vehicle routing problems and introduces the so-called fixed sequence arc selection problem (FSASP), and proposes a dynamic programming solution method for this problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the anhydrous weight loss (AWL) of each torrefaction was measured and three phenomenological models were successfully applied to optimise industrial torrefactions.
Abstract: Beech and spruce chips were torrefied in a batch rotating pilot kiln. For each torrefaction the temperature curve of the moving chips bed was recorded. The anhydrous weight loss (AWL) of each torrefaction was measured. Effect of torrefaction temperature and duration on the AWL was studied. In order to optimise short time torrefaction, models that can estimate the AWL from the chips temperature curve are required. Three phenomenological models were successfully applied. They all gave good correlations between experimental and calculated AWL. These three models can be employed to optimise industrial torrefaction. However, the more complex they are, the more difficult it is to understand their physical meaning. It is thus preferable to use simple model for the industrial control of torrefaction.