University of Düsseldorf

About: University of Düsseldorf is a education organization based out in Düsseldorf, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Diabetes mellitus. The organization has 25225 authors who have published 49155 publications receiving 1946434 citations.

Functional disorders of the anus and rectum.

Abstract: In this report the functional anorectal disorders, the etiology of which is currently unknown or related to the abnormal functioning of normally innervated and structurally intact muscles, are discussed. These disorders include functional fecal incontinence, functional anorectal pain, including levator ani syndrome and proctalgia fugax, and pelvic floor dyssynergia. The epidemiology of each disorder is defined and discussed, their pathophysiology is summarized and diagnostic approaches and treatment are suggested. Some suggestions for the direction of future research on these disorders are also given.

cIMPACT-NOW update 5: recommended grading criteria and terminologies for IDH-mutant astrocytomas.

Abstract: Daniel J. Brat1 · Kenneth Aldape2 · Howard Colman3 · Dominique Figrarella‐Branger4 · Gregory N. Fuller5 · Caterina Giannini6 · Eric C. Holland7 · Robert B. Jenkins6 · Bette Kleinschmidt‐DeMasters8 · Takashi Komori9 · Johan M. Kros10 · David N. Louis11 · Catriona McLean12 · Arie Perry13 · Guido Reifenberger14,15 · Chitra Sarkar16 · Roger Stupp17 · Martin J. van den Bent18 · Andreas von Deimling19,20 · Michael Weller21

Role of copper, zinc, selenium and tellurium in the cellular defense against oxidative and nitrosative stress.

Abstract: The trace elements copper, zinc and selenium are linked together in cytosolic defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The latter and other hydroperoxides are subsequently reduced by the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Cytosolic GPx can also act as a peroxynitrite reductase. The antioxidative functions of these trace elements are not confined to being constituents of enzymes: 1) copper and zinc ions may stimulate protective cellular stress-signaling pathways such as the antiapoptotic phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt cascade and may stabilize proteins, thereby rendering them less prone to oxidation; and 2) selenium does not only exist in the cell as selenocysteine (as in GPx) but also as selenomethionine, which is regularly present in low amounts in proteins in place of methionine. Selenomethionine catalyzes the reduction of peroxynitrite at the expense of glutathione. Also, low-molecular-weight organoselenium and organotellurium compounds of pharmacologic interest catalyze the reduction of hydroperoxides or peroxynitrite with various cellular reducing equivalents. J. Nutr. 133: 1448S-1451S, 2003.

Neurological perspectives on voltage-gated sodium channels

Abstract: The activity of voltage-gated sodium channels has long been linked to disorders of neuronal excitability such as epilepsy and chronic pain Recent genetic studies have now expanded the role of sodium channels in health and disease, to include autism, migraine, multiple sclerosis, cancer as well as muscle and immune system disorders Transgenic mouse models have proved useful in understanding the physiological role of individual sodium channels, and there has been significant progress in the development of subtype selective inhibitors of sodium channels This review will outline the functions and roles of specific sodium channels in electrical signalling and disease, focusing on neurological aspects We also discuss recent advances in the development of selective sodium channel inhibitors