Journal ArticleDOI
Accelerating materials development for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production: Standards for methods, definitions, and reporting protocols
Zhebo Chen,Thomas F. Jaramillo,Todd G. Deutsch,Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein,Arnold J. Forman,Nicolas Gaillard,Roxanne Garland,Kazuhiro Takanabe,Clemens Heske,Mahendra K. Sunkara,Eric W. McFarland,Kazunari Domen,Eric L. Miller,John A. Turner,Huyen N. Dinh +14 more
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In this paper, a flow chart with standard procedures for PEC characterization techniques for planar photoelectrode materials (i.e., not suspensions of particles) with a focus on single band gap absorbers is presented.Abstract:
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen production is a promising technology that uses sunlight and water to produce renewable hydrogen with oxygen as a by-product. In the expanding field of PEC hydrogen production, the use of standardized screening methods and reporting has emerged as a necessity. This article is intended to provide guidance on key practices in characterization of PEC materials and proper reporting of efficiencies. Presented here are the definitions of various efficiency values that pertain to PEC, with an emphasis on the importance of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, as well as a flow chart with standard procedures for PEC characterization techniques for planar photoelectrode materials (i.e., not suspensions of particles) with a focus on single band gap absorbers. These guidelines serve as a foundation and prelude to a much more complete and in-depth discussion of PEC techniques and procedures presented elsewhere.read more
Citations
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A Review of Inorganic Photoelectrode Developments and Reactor Scale‐Up Challenges for Solar Hydrogen Production
Journal ArticleDOI
A PEDOT-coated quantum dot as efficient visible light harvester for photocatalytic hydrogen production
Nagarajan Srinivasan,Yuhiro Shiga,Daiki Atarashi,Etsuo Sakai,Masahiro Miyauchi,Masahiro Miyauchi +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the PEDOT polymer was electrochemically coated over a quantum dot-sensitized semiconductor and efficiently suppressed the back electron transfer from the semiconductor, thereby improving the photocurrent as compared to the uncoated control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Accurate determination of the charge transfer efficiency of photoanodes for solar water splitting
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of different methods to determine the charge transfer efficiency, defined as the ratio between the flux of holes that contribute to the water oxidation reaction and the total flux that reach the surface, and showed that a wide spread of ηt values is obtained by different analysis methods, and even within the same method different values may be obtained depending on instrumental and experimental conditions such as the light source and light intensity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bandgap Tunability in Sb-Alloyed BiVO₄ Quaternary Oxides as Visible Light Absorbers for Solar Fuel Applications.
Anna Loiudice,Jie Ma,Walter S. Drisdell,Tracy M. Mattox,Jason K. Cooper,Timothy Thao,Cinzia Giannini,Junko Yano,Lin-Wang Wang,Ian D. Sharp,Raffaella Buonsanti +10 more
TL;DR: The challenge of fine compositional tuning and microstructure control in complex oxides is overcome by developing a general two-step synthetic approach.
Journal ArticleDOI
Design Guidelines for High-Performance Particle-Based Photoanodes for Water Splitting: Lanthanum Titanium Oxynitride as a Model.
Steve Landsmann,Alexandra E. Maegli,Matthias Trottmann,Corsin Battaglia,Anke Weidenkaff,Simone Pokrant +5 more
TL;DR: Five rules are proposed to guide the design of high-performance particle-based photoanodes by adding or varying several process steps, and some of these guidelines can be adapted to non-particle-basedphotoelectrodes.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
Akira Fujishima,Kenichi Honda +1 more
TL;DR: Water photolysis is investigated by exploiting the fact that water is transparent to visible light and cannot be decomposed directly, but only by radiation with wavelengths shorter than 190 nm.
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Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium
Jan Tauc,R. Grigorovici,A. Vancu +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, the optical constants of amorphous Ge were determined for the photon energies from 0.08 to 1.6 eV, and the absorption is due to k-conserving transitions of holes between the valence bands as in p-type crystals.
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Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization
Nathan S. Lewis,Daniel G. Nocera +1 more
TL;DR: Solar energy is by far the largest exploitable resource, providing more energy in 1 hour to the earth than all of the energy consumed by humans in an entire year, and if solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, it must be stored and dispatched on demand to the end user.
Journal ArticleDOI
Conduction in non-crystalline systems V. Conductivity, optical absorption and photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors
E. A. Davis,Nevill Mott +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental evidence concerning the density of states in amorphous semiconductors and the ranges of energy in which states are localized is reviewed; this includes d.c and a.c. conductivity, drift mobility and optical absorption.
Journal ArticleDOI
New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gurevic and Judd formulas were derived from the Kubelka-Munk differential equations, and they are exact under the same conditions as in this paper, that is, when the material is perfectly dull and when the light, is perfectly diffused or if it is parallel and hits the specimen under an angle of 60° from normal.