Journal ArticleDOI
Accelerating materials development for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production: Standards for methods, definitions, and reporting protocols
Zhebo Chen,Thomas F. Jaramillo,Todd G. Deutsch,Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein,Arnold J. Forman,Nicolas Gaillard,Roxanne Garland,Kazuhiro Takanabe,Clemens Heske,Mahendra K. Sunkara,Eric W. McFarland,Kazunari Domen,Eric L. Miller,John A. Turner,Huyen N. Dinh +14 more
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In this paper, a flow chart with standard procedures for PEC characterization techniques for planar photoelectrode materials (i.e., not suspensions of particles) with a focus on single band gap absorbers is presented.Abstract:
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen production is a promising technology that uses sunlight and water to produce renewable hydrogen with oxygen as a by-product. In the expanding field of PEC hydrogen production, the use of standardized screening methods and reporting has emerged as a necessity. This article is intended to provide guidance on key practices in characterization of PEC materials and proper reporting of efficiencies. Presented here are the definitions of various efficiency values that pertain to PEC, with an emphasis on the importance of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, as well as a flow chart with standard procedures for PEC characterization techniques for planar photoelectrode materials (i.e., not suspensions of particles) with a focus on single band gap absorbers. These guidelines serve as a foundation and prelude to a much more complete and in-depth discussion of PEC techniques and procedures presented elsewhere.read more
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Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic activity of iron oxide on gold nanopillars.
TL;DR: In this article, an enhanced photocurrent in a thin-film iron oxide photoanode coated on arrays of Au nanopillars was shown, attributed primarily to the increased optical absorption originating from both surface plasmon resonances and photonic-mode light trapping in the nanostructured topography.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stable Hydrogen Evolution from CdS-Modified CuGaSe2 Photoelectrode under Visible-Light Irradiation
TL;DR: The photoelectrochemical properties of CuGaSe2 modified by deposition of a thin CdS layer showed high stability under the observed reaction conditions and evolved hydrogen continuously for more than 10 days.
Journal ArticleDOI
Understanding the Roles of Oxygen Vacancies in Hematite-Based Photoelectrochemical Processes
Zhiliang Wang,Xin Mao,Peng Chen,Mu Xiao,Sabiha Akter Monny,Songcan Wang,Muxina Konarova,Aijun Du,Lianzhou Wang +8 more
TL;DR: It is reported that VO functions in a more complicated way in PEC process than previously reported, and improved bulk conductivity and surface catalysis are beneficial for bulk charge transfer and surface charge consumption while interfacial charge transfer deteriorates because of recombination through VO -induced trap states at the S-E interface.
Journal ArticleDOI
Continuous-flow electroreduction of carbon dioxide
Balázs Endrődi,Gábor Bencsik,Ferenc Darvas,Richard A. L. Jones,Krishnan Rajeshwar,Csaba Janáky +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the parameters that influence the performance of flow CO2 electrolyzers and present an assessment framework for benchmarking CO2 electroreduction systems, where solar energy input is directly utilized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Water Splitting Progress in Tandem Devices: Moving Photolysis beyond Electrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, three types of tandem devices including photoelectrochemical (PEC), photovoltaic (PV) cell/PEC and PV/electrolyser tandem cells are proposed to realize water photolysis at different levels of integration and component.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
Akira Fujishima,Kenichi Honda +1 more
TL;DR: Water photolysis is investigated by exploiting the fact that water is transparent to visible light and cannot be decomposed directly, but only by radiation with wavelengths shorter than 190 nm.
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Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium
Jan Tauc,R. Grigorovici,A. Vancu +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, the optical constants of amorphous Ge were determined for the photon energies from 0.08 to 1.6 eV, and the absorption is due to k-conserving transitions of holes between the valence bands as in p-type crystals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization
Nathan S. Lewis,Daniel G. Nocera +1 more
TL;DR: Solar energy is by far the largest exploitable resource, providing more energy in 1 hour to the earth than all of the energy consumed by humans in an entire year, and if solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, it must be stored and dispatched on demand to the end user.
Journal ArticleDOI
Conduction in non-crystalline systems V. Conductivity, optical absorption and photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors
E. A. Davis,Nevill Mott +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental evidence concerning the density of states in amorphous semiconductors and the ranges of energy in which states are localized is reviewed; this includes d.c and a.c. conductivity, drift mobility and optical absorption.
Journal ArticleDOI
New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gurevic and Judd formulas were derived from the Kubelka-Munk differential equations, and they are exact under the same conditions as in this paper, that is, when the material is perfectly dull and when the light, is perfectly diffused or if it is parallel and hits the specimen under an angle of 60° from normal.