Journal ArticleDOI
Accelerating materials development for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production: Standards for methods, definitions, and reporting protocols
Zhebo Chen,Thomas F. Jaramillo,Todd G. Deutsch,Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein,Arnold J. Forman,Nicolas Gaillard,Roxanne Garland,Kazuhiro Takanabe,Clemens Heske,Mahendra K. Sunkara,Eric W. McFarland,Kazunari Domen,Eric L. Miller,John A. Turner,Huyen N. Dinh +14 more
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In this paper, a flow chart with standard procedures for PEC characterization techniques for planar photoelectrode materials (i.e., not suspensions of particles) with a focus on single band gap absorbers is presented.Abstract:
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen production is a promising technology that uses sunlight and water to produce renewable hydrogen with oxygen as a by-product. In the expanding field of PEC hydrogen production, the use of standardized screening methods and reporting has emerged as a necessity. This article is intended to provide guidance on key practices in characterization of PEC materials and proper reporting of efficiencies. Presented here are the definitions of various efficiency values that pertain to PEC, with an emphasis on the importance of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, as well as a flow chart with standard procedures for PEC characterization techniques for planar photoelectrode materials (i.e., not suspensions of particles) with a focus on single band gap absorbers. These guidelines serve as a foundation and prelude to a much more complete and in-depth discussion of PEC techniques and procedures presented elsewhere.read more
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Nanostructured photoelectrodes based on WO3: applications to photooxidation of aqueous electrolytes
Carlo Alberto Bignozzi,Stefano Caramori,Vito Cristino,Roberto Argazzi,Laura Meda,Alessandra Tacca +5 more
TL;DR: WO( 3) represents one of the few materials which can achieve efficient water photo-oxidation under visible illumination, stably operating under strongly oxidizing conditions; thus the discussion of the structure-related photoelectrochemical properties of WO(3) thin films and their optimization for achieving almost quantitative photon to electron conversion constitutes the core of this contribution.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comprehensive Evaluation of CuBi2O4 as a Photocathode Material for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Sean P. Berglund,Fatwa F. Abdi,Peter Bogdanoff,Abdelkrim Chemseddine,Dennis Friedrich,Roel van de Krol,Roel van de Krol +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors characterized the properties of the CuBi2O4 photocathodes synthesized by a straightforward drop-casting procedure and for the first time report many of the quintessential material properties that are relevant to PEC water splitting.
Journal ArticleDOI
New iron-cobalt oxide catalysts promoting BIVO4 films for photoelectrochemical water splitting
TL;DR: In this article, a simple process is developed for preparing a new type of low-cost iron-cobalt oxide (FeCoOx) as an efficient co-catalyst to suppress the surface charge recombination on bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanodes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perovskite–Hematite Tandem Cells for Efficient Overall Solar Driven Water Splitting
Gurudayal,Dharani Sabba,Mulmudi Hemant Kumar,Lydia Helena Wong,James Barber,James Barber,Michael Grätzel,Nripan Mathews +7 more
TL;DR: It is shown that a single solution processed organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cell in tandem with a Fe2O3 photoanode can achieve overall unassisted water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 2.4%.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemical solutions for the closed-cycle storage of solar energy
TL;DR: In this paper, a review analyzes the inherent scientific challenges of realizing the potential of storing solar energy by photochemical generation of high-energy metastable compounds whose subsequent thermal isomerization releases large amounts of low-temperature (<500 K) heat.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
Akira Fujishima,Kenichi Honda +1 more
TL;DR: Water photolysis is investigated by exploiting the fact that water is transparent to visible light and cannot be decomposed directly, but only by radiation with wavelengths shorter than 190 nm.
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Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium
Jan Tauc,R. Grigorovici,A. Vancu +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, the optical constants of amorphous Ge were determined for the photon energies from 0.08 to 1.6 eV, and the absorption is due to k-conserving transitions of holes between the valence bands as in p-type crystals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization
Nathan S. Lewis,Daniel G. Nocera +1 more
TL;DR: Solar energy is by far the largest exploitable resource, providing more energy in 1 hour to the earth than all of the energy consumed by humans in an entire year, and if solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, it must be stored and dispatched on demand to the end user.
Journal ArticleDOI
Conduction in non-crystalline systems V. Conductivity, optical absorption and photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors
E. A. Davis,Nevill Mott +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental evidence concerning the density of states in amorphous semiconductors and the ranges of energy in which states are localized is reviewed; this includes d.c and a.c. conductivity, drift mobility and optical absorption.
Journal ArticleDOI
New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gurevic and Judd formulas were derived from the Kubelka-Munk differential equations, and they are exact under the same conditions as in this paper, that is, when the material is perfectly dull and when the light, is perfectly diffused or if it is parallel and hits the specimen under an angle of 60° from normal.