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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges

TLDR
The fundamentals of bone tissue engineering are discussed, highlighting the current state of this field, and the recent advances of biomaterial and cell-based research, as well as approaches used to enhance bone regeneration.
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current state of this field. Further, we review the recent advances of biomaterial and cell-based research, as well as approaches used to enhance bone regeneration. Specifically, we discuss widely investigated biomaterial scaffolds, micro- and nano-structural properties of these scaffolds, and the incorporation of biomimetic properties and/or growth factors. In addition, we examine various cellular approaches, including the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and their clinical application strengths and limitations. We conclude by overviewing the challenges that face the bone tissue engineering field, such as the lack of sufficient vascularization at the defect site, and the research aimed at functional bone tissue engineering. These challenges will drive future research in the field.

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Journal ArticleDOI

3D Printing of Cytocompatible Graphene/Alginate Scaffolds for Mimetic Tissue Constructs

TL;DR: The reduced 3D graphene oxide (RGO)/Alg scaffold has good cytocompatibility and can support human ADSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and supports the potential for the printed scaffold’s use for in vitro engineering of bone and other tissues using ADSCs and potentially other human stem cells, as well as in vivo regenerative medicine.
Journal ArticleDOI

Bone Regeneration Capability of 3D Printed Ceramic Scaffolds.

TL;DR: The proposed HA/TCP scaffold without polymers, obtained using the DLP-type 3D printing system, can be applied for bone regeneration and can be used for fabricating customized bone grafting substitutes.
Journal ArticleDOI

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine in Craniofacial Reconstruction and Facial Aesthetics.

TL;DR: This review outlines the current progress that has been made toward the engineering of soft tissue and skeletal tissue for craniofacial reconstruction and facial esthetics.
Journal ArticleDOI

Fabrication and characterisation of nanofibrous polyurethane scaffold incorporated with corn and neem oil using single stage electrospinning technique for bone tissue engineering applications

TL;DR: In this article, an electrospun scaffold based on polyurethane (PU) blended with corn oil and neem oil was developed for bone tissue engineering, and the results showed that the newly developed nanocomposites with better physio-chemical characteristics and biological properties enabled them as potential candidate for bone engineering.
Journal ArticleDOI

Hybrid Gelatin Hydrogels in Nanomedicine Applications

TL;DR: Gelatin based hydrogels are often incorporated with supporting materials such as chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), alginate, carbon nanotubes, and hyaluronic acid to create hybrid materials that are specific for specific applications.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

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TL;DR: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions is demonstrated and iPS cells, designated iPS, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes.
Journal ArticleDOI

Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that iPS cells can be generated from adult human fibroblasts with the same four factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
Journal ArticleDOI

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells

TL;DR: This article showed that OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 factors are sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells.
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TL;DR: The data support the hypothesis that a human lipoaspirate contains multipotent cells and may represent an alternative stem cell source to bone marrow-derived MSCs.
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Human Adipose Tissue Is a Source of Multipotent Stem Cells

TL;DR: To confirm whether adipose tissue contains stem cells, the PLA population and multiple clonal isolates were analyzed using several molecular and biochemical approaches and PLA cells exhibited unique characteristics distinct from those seen in MSCs, including differences in CD marker profile and gene expression.
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