Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems.
Prarthana Mohanraju,Kira S. Makarova,Bernd Zetsche,Feng Zhang,Eugene V. Koonin,John van der Oost +5 more
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TLDR
The ability to easily program sequence-specific DNA targeting and cleavage by CRISPR-Cas components, as demonstrated for Cas9 and Cpf1, allows for the application of CRISpr- Cas components as highly effective tools for genetic engineering and gene regulation in a wide range of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.Abstract:
Adaptive immunity had been long thought of as an exclusive feature of animals. However, the discovery of the CRISPR-Cas defense system, present in almost half of prokaryotic genomes, proves otherwise. Because of the everlasting parasite-host arms race, CRISPR-Cas has rapidly evolved through horizontal transfer of complete loci or individual modules, resulting in extreme structural and functional diversity. CRISPR-Cas systems are divided into two distinct classes that each consist of three types and multiple subtypes. We discuss recent advances in CRISPR-Cas research that reveal elaborate molecular mechanisms and provide for a plausible scenario of CRISPR-Cas evolution. We also briefly describe the latest developments of a wide range of CRISPR-based applications.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants.
Kira S. Makarova,Yuri I. Wolf,Jaime Iranzo,Sergey Shmakov,Omer S. Alkhnbashi,Stan J. J. Brouns,Emmanuelle Charpentier,David R. Cheng,Daniel H. Haft,Philippe Horvath,Sylvain Moineau,Francisco J. M. Mojica,David Scott,Shiraz A. Shah,Virginijus Siksnys,Michael P. Terns,Česlovas Venclovas,Malcolm F. White,Alexander F. Yakunin,Alexander F. Yakunin,Winston X. Yan,Feng Zhang,Roger A. Garrett,Rolf Backofen,John van der Oost,Rodolphe Barrangou,Eugene V. Koonin +26 more
TL;DR: An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems and cas genes is provided, with an emphasis on the major developments that have occurred since the publication of the latest classification, in 2015, which includes 2 classes, 6 types and 33 subtypes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems
TL;DR: Comparative analysis of the effector complexes indicates that Class 2 systems evolved from mobile genetic elements on multiple, independent occasions and type VI systems are the first among the CRISPR-Cas variants to exclusively target RNA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems
Sergey Shmakov,Aaron Smargon,David A. Scott,David Benjamin Turitz Cox,Neena Pyzocha,Winston X. Yan,Omar O. Abudayyeh,Jonathan S. Gootenberg,Kira S. Makarova,Yuri I. Wolf,Konstantin Severinov,Konstantin Severinov,Konstantin Severinov,Feng Zhang,Eugene V. Koonin +14 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive census of class 2 types and class 2 subtypes in complete and draft bacterial and archaeal genomes is presented, evolutionary scenarios for the independent origin of different class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems from mobile genetic elements are outlined, and an amended classification and nomenclature of CRISpr–Cas is proposed.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward.
Frank Hille,Frank Hille,Hagen Richter,Shi Pey Wong,Shi Pey Wong,Shi Pey Wong,Majda Bratovič,Majda Bratovič,Sarah Ressel,Emmanuelle Charpentier,Emmanuelle Charpentier,Emmanuelle Charpentier +11 more
TL;DR: The biology of the diverse CRISpr-Cas systems and the major progress achieved in recent years in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the three stages of CRISPR-Cas immunity are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cas13b Is a Type VI-B CRISPR-Associated RNA-Guided RNase Differentially Regulated by Accessory Proteins Csx27 and Csx28
Aaron Smargon,David Benjamin Turitz Cox,Neena Pyzocha,Kaijie Zheng,Kaijie Zheng,Kaijie Zheng,Ian Slaymaker,Ian Slaymaker,Ian Slaymaker,Jonathan S. Gootenberg,Omar Abudayyeh,Patrick Essletzbichler,Patrick Essletzbichler,Patrick Essletzbichler,Sergey Shmakov,Sergey Shmakov,Kira S. Makarova,Eugene V. Koonin,Feng Zhang +18 more
TL;DR: It is established that two class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems that lack Cas1 and Cas2 and encompass a single large effector protein, Cas13b, along with one of two previously uncharacterized associated proteins, can achieve RNA interference when heterologously expressed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.
Martin Jinek,Krzysztof Chylinski,Krzysztof Chylinski,Ines Fonfara,Michael H. Hauer,Jennifer A. Doudna,Emmanuelle Charpentier +6 more
TL;DR: This study reveals a family of endonucleases that use dual-RNAs for site-specific DNA cleavage and highlights the potential to exploit the system for RNA-programmable genome editing.
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Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems
Le Cong,Le Cong,F. Ann Ran,F. Ann Ran,David M. Cox,David M. Cox,Shuailiang Lin,Shuailiang Lin,Robert P. J. Barretto,Naomi Habib,Patrick D. Hsu,Patrick D. Hsu,Xuebing Wu,Wenyan Jiang,Luciano A. Marraffini,Feng Zhang +15 more
TL;DR: The type II prokaryotic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas adaptive immune system has been shown to facilitate RNA-guided site-specific DNA cleavage as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9
Prashant Mali,Luhan Yang,Kevin M. Esvelt,John Aach,Marc Güell,James E. DiCarlo,Julie E. Norville,George M. Church,George M. Church +8 more
TL;DR: The type II bacterial CRISPR system is engineer to function with custom guide RNA (gRNA) in human cells to establish an RNA-guided editing tool for facile, robust, and multiplexable human genome engineering.
Journal ArticleDOI
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes
Rodolphe Barrangou,Christophe Fremaux,Hélène Deveau,Melissa Richards,Patrick Boyaval,Sylvain Moineau,Dennis A. Romero,Philippe Horvath +7 more
TL;DR: It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development and applications of Cas9 for a variety of research or translational applications while highlighting challenges as well as future directions, and highlight challenges and future directions.
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