Formation of mRNA 3′ Ends in Eukaryotes: Mechanism, Regulation, and Interrelationships with Other Steps in mRNA Synthesis
TLDR
Recent findings suggest that the association of cleavage/polyadenylation factors with the transcriptional complex via the carboxyl-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) large subunit is the means by which the cell restricts polyadenylations to Pol II transcripts.Abstract:
Formation of mRNA 3′ ends in eukaryotes requires the interaction of transacting factors with cis-acting signal elements on the RNA precursor by two distinct mechanisms, one for the cleavage of most replication-dependent histone transcripts and the other for cleavage and polyadenylation of the majority of eukaryotic mRNAs. Most of the basic factors have now been identified, as well as some of the key protein-protein and RNA-protein interactions. This processing can be regulated by changing the levels or activity of basic factors or by using activators and repressors, many of which are components of the splicing machinery. These regulatory mechanisms act during differentiation, progression through the cell cycle, or viral infections. Recent findings suggest that the association of cleavage/polyadenylation factors with the transcriptional complex via the carboxyl-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) large subunit is the means by which the cell restricts polyadenylation to Pol II transcripts. The processing of 3′ ends is also important for transcription termination downstream of cleavage sites and for assembly of an export-competent mRNA. The progress of the last few years points to a remarkable coordination and cooperativity in the steps leading to the appearance of translatable mRNA in the cytoplasm.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.
Robert H. Waterston,Kerstin Lindblad-Toh,Ewan Birney,Jane Rogers,Josep F. Abril,Pankaj K. Agarwal,Richa Agarwala,Rachel Ainscough,Marina Alexandersson,Peter An,Stylianos E. Antonarakis,John Attwood,Robert Baertsch,J Bailey,K F Barlow,Stephan Beck,Eric Berry,Bruce W. Birren,Toby Bloom,Peer Bork,Marc Botcherby,Nicolas Bray,Michael R. Brent,Daniel G. Brown,Daniel G. Brown,Stephen D. Brown,Carol J. Bult,John Burton,Jonathan Butler,R. D. Campbell,Piero Carninci,Simon Cawley,Francesca Chiaromonte,Asif T. Chinwalla,Deanna M. Church,Michele Clamp,C M Clee,Francis S. Collins,Lisa Cook,Richard R. Copley,Alan Coulson,Olivier Couronne,James Cuff,Val Curwen,Tim Cutts,Mark J. Daly,Robert David,Joy Davies,Kimberly D. Delehaunty,Justin Deri,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Colin N. Dewey,Nicholas J. Dickens,Mark Diekhans,Sheila Dodge,Inna Dubchak,Diane M. Dunn,Sean R. Eddy,Laura Elnitski,Richard D. Emes,Pallavi Eswara,Eduardo Eyras,Adam Felsenfeld,Ginger A. Fewell,Paul Flicek,Karen Foley,Wayne N. Frankel,Lucinda Fulton,Robert S. Fulton,Terrence S. Furey,Diane Gage,Richard A. Gibbs,Gustavo Glusman,Sante Gnerre,Nick Goldman,Leo Goodstadt,Darren Grafham,Tina Graves,Eric D. Green,Simon G. Gregory,Roderic Guigó,Mark S. Guyer,Ross C. Hardison,David Haussler,Yoshihide Hayashizaki,Deana W. LaHillier,Angela S. Hinrichs,Wratko Hlavina,Timothy Holzer,Fan Hsu,Axin Hua,Tim Hubbard,Adrienne Hunt,Ian J. Jackson,David B. Jaffe,L. Steven Johnson,Matthew Jones,Thomas A. Jones,A Joy,Michael Kamal,Elinor K. Karlsson,Donna Karolchik,Arkadiusz Kasprzyk,Jun Kawai,Evan Keibler,Cristyn Kells,W. James Kent,Andrew Kirby,Diana L. Kolbe,Ian F Korf,Raju Kucherlapati,Edward J. Kulbokas,David Kulp,Tom Landers,J. P. Leger,Steven Leonard,Ivica Letunic,Rosie Levine,Jia Li,Ming Li,Christine Lloyd,Susan Lucas,Bin Ma,Donna Maglott,Elaine R. Mardis,Lucy Matthews,Evan Mauceli,John Mayer,Megan McCarthy,W. Richard McCombie,Stuart McLaren,Kirsten McLay,John Douglas Mcpherson,James Meldrim,Beverley Meredith,Jill P. Mesirov,Webb Miller,Tracie L. Miner,Emmanuel Mongin,Kate Montgomery,Michael J. Morgan,Richard Mott,James C. Mullikin,Donna M. Muzny,William E. Nash,Joanne O. Nelson,Michael N. Nhan,Robert Nicol,Zemin Ning,Chad Nusbaum,Michael J. O’Connor,Yasushi Okazaki,Karen Oliver,Emma Overton-Larty,Lior Pachter,Genís Parra,Kymberlie H. Pepin,Jane Peterson,Pavel A. Pevzner,Robert W. Plumb,Craig Pohl,Alex Poliakov,Tracy C. Ponce,Chris P. Ponting,Simon C. Potter,Michael A. Quail,Alexandre Reymond,Bruce A. Roe,Krishna M. Roskin,Edward M. Rubin,Alistair G. Rust,Ralph Santos,Victor Sapojnikov,Brian Schultz,Jörg Schultz,Matthias S. Schwartz,Scott Schwartz,Carol Scott,Steven Seaman,Steve Searle,Ted Sharpe,Andrew Sheridan,Ratna Shownkeen,Sarah Sims,Jonathan Singer,Guy Slater,Arian F.A. Smit,Douglas Smith,Brian Spencer,Arne Stabenau,Nicole Stange-Thomann,Charles W. Sugnet,Mikita Suyama,Glenn Tesler,Johanna Thompson,David Torrents,Evanne Trevaskis,John Tromp,Catherine Ucla,Abel Ureta-Vidal,Jade P. Vinson,Andrew von Niederhausern,Claire M. Wade,Melanie M. Wall,R. J. Weber,Robert B. Weiss,Michael C. Wendl,Anthony P. West,Kris A. Wetterstrand,Raymond Wheeler,Simon Whelan,Jamey Wierzbowski,David Willey,Sophie Williams,Richard K. Wilson,Eitan E. Winter,Kim C. Worley,Dudley Wyman,Shan Yang,Shiaw Pyng Yang,Evgeny M. Zdobnov,Michael C. Zody,Eric S. Lander +222 more
TL;DR: The results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome are reported and an initial comparative analysis of the Mouse and human genomes is presented, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences.
Journal ArticleDOI
Understanding mechanisms underlying human gene expression variation with RNA sequencing
Joseph K. Pickrell,John C. Marioni,Athma A. Pai,Jacob F. Degner,Barbara E. Engelhardt,Everlyne Nkadori,Jean-Baptiste Veyrieras,Matthew Stephens,Yoav Gilad,Jonathan K. Pritchard +9 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that eQTLs near genes generally act by a mechanism involving allele-specific expression, and that variation that influences the inclusion of an exon is enriched within and near the consensus splice sites.
Journal ArticleDOI
HITS-CLIP yields genome-wide insights into brain alternative RNA processing
Donny D. Licatalosi,Aldo Mele,John J. Fak,Jernej Ule,Melis Kayikci,Sung Wook Chi,Tyson A. Clark,Anthony C. Schweitzer,John E. Blume,Xuning Wang,Jennifer C. Darnell,Robert B. Darnell +11 more
TL;DR: A genome-wide means of mapping protein–RNA binding sites in vivo, by high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP), which revealed a large number of Nova–RNA interactions in 3′ untranslated regions, leading to the discovery that Nova regulates alternative polyadenylation in the brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Integrating mRNA Processing with Transcription
TL;DR: The phosphorylated CTD of RNA polymerase II provides key molecular contacts with these mRNA processing reactions throughout transcriptional elongation and termination.
Journal ArticleDOI
A large-scale analysis of mRNA polyadenylation of human and mouse genes
TL;DR: A large-scale study provides important insights into the mechanism of polyadenylation in mammalian species and represents a genomic view of the regulation of gene expression by alternative polyadenyation.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
3′ Non-coding region sequences in eukaryotic messenger RNA
TL;DR: A large selection of the 3′ non-coding regions of rabbit and human globin mRN As are 85% homologous, demonstrating that this region is significantly conserved in evolution.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis of the Mitotic Cell Cycle
Raymond J. Cho,Michael J. Campbell,Elizabeth A. Winzeler,Lars M. Steinmetz,Andrew R. Conway,Lisa Wodicka,Tyra G. Wolfsberg,Andrei Gabrielian,David Landsman,David J. Lockhart,Ronald W. Davis +10 more
TL;DR: The genome-wide characterization of mRNA transcript levels during the cell cycle of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae indicates a mechanism for local chromosomal organization in global mRNA regulation and links a range of human genes to cell cycle period-specific biological functions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products
TL;DR: A model in which developmental regulation of RNA processing is used to increase the diversity of neuroendocrine gene expression is proposed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nuclear targeting sequences--a consensus?
TL;DR: It is suggested in this review that, despite this diversity of nuclear targeting sequences, a consensus bipartite motif can be identified.