Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye.
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TLDR
Melanopsin mRNA is expressed in hypothalamic sites thought to contain deep brain photoreceptors and in the iris, a structure known to be directly photosensitive in amphibians, and expression in retinal and nonretinal tissues suggests a role in vision and nonvisual photoreceptive tasks.Abstract:
We have identified an opsin, melanopsin, in photosensitive dermal melanophores of Xenopus laevis. Its deduced amino acid sequence shares greatest homology with cephalopod opsins. The predicted secondary structure of melanopsin indicates the presence of a long cytoplasmic tail with multiple putative phosphorylation sites, suggesting that this opsin’s function may be finely regulated. Melanopsin mRNA is expressed in hypothalamic sites thought to contain deep brain photoreceptors and in the iris, a structure known to be directly photosensitive in amphibians. Melanopsin message is also localized in retinal cells residing in the outermost lamina of the inner nuclear layer where horizontal cells are typically found. Its expression in retinal and nonretinal tissues suggests a role in vision and nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as photic control of skin pigmentation, pupillary aperture, and circadian and photoperiodic physiology.read more
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Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock.
TL;DR: It is shown that retinal ganglion cells innervating the SCN are intrinsically photosensitive, and depolarized in response to light even when all synaptic input from rods and cones was blocked.
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The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks.
TL;DR: This work discusses knowledge acquired during the past few years on the complex structure and function of the mammalian circadian timing system and some of the SCN output pathways serve as input pathways for peripheral tissues.
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Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for a Novel Circadian Photoreceptor
George C. Brainard,John P. Hanifin,Jeffrey M. Greeson,Brenda Byrne,Gena Glickman,Edward Gerner,Mark D. Rollag +6 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that, in humans, a single photopigment may be primarily responsible for melatonin suppression, and its peak absorbance appears to be distinct from that of rod and cone cellphotopigments for vision.
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The ecoresponsive genome of Daphnia pulex
John K. Colbourne,Michael E. Pfrender,Michael E. Pfrender,Donald L. Gilbert,W. Kelley Thomas,Abraham E. Tucker,Abraham E. Tucker,Todd H. Oakley,Shin-ichi Tokishita,Andrea Aerts,Georg J. Arnold,Malay Kumar Basu,Malay Kumar Basu,Darren J Bauer,Carla E. Cáceres,Liran Carmel,Liran Carmel,Claudio Casola,Jeong Hyeon Choi,John C. Detter,Qunfeng Dong,Qunfeng Dong,Serge Dusheyko,Brian D. Eads,Thomas Fröhlich,Kerry Geiler-Samerotte,Kerry Geiler-Samerotte,Daniel Gerlach,Daniel Gerlach,Phil Hatcher,Sanjuro Jogdeo,Sanjuro Jogdeo,Jeroen Krijgsveld,Evgenia V. Kriventseva,Dietmar Kültz,Christian Laforsch,Erika Lindquist,Jacqueline Lopez,J. Robert Manak,J. Robert Manak,Jean Muller,Jasmyn Pangilinan,Rupali P Patwardhan,Rupali P Patwardhan,Samuel Pitluck,Ellen J. Pritham,Andreas Rechtsteiner,Andreas Rechtsteiner,Mina Rho,Igor B. Rogozin,Onur Sakarya,Onur Sakarya,Asaf Salamov,Sarah Schaack,Sarah Schaack,Harris Shapiro,Yasuhiro Shiga,Courtney Skalitzky,Zachary Smith,Alexander Souvorov,Way Sung,Zuojian Tang,Zuojian Tang,Dai Tsuchiya,Hank Tu,Hank Tu,Harmjan R. Vos,Mei Wang,Yuri I. Wolf,Hideo Yamagata,Takuji Yamada,Yuzhen Ye,Joseph R. Shaw,Justen Andrews,Teresa J. Crease,Haixu Tang,Susan Lucas,Hugh M. Robertson,Peer Bork,Eugene V. Koonin,Evgeny M. Zdobnov,Evgeny M. Zdobnov,Igor V. Grigoriev,Michael Lynch,Jeffrey L. Boore,Jeffrey L. Boore +85 more
TL;DR: The Daphnia genome reveals a multitude of genes and shows adaptation through gene family expansions, and the coexpansion of gene families interacting within metabolic pathways suggests that the maintenance of duplicated genes is not random.
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Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN.
Dennis M. Dacey,Hsi-Wen Liao,Beth B. Peterson,Farrel R. Robinson,Vivianne C. Smith,Joel Pokorny,King Wai Yau,Paul D. Gamlin +7 more
TL;DR: An anatomically distinct population of ‘giant’, melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the primate retina that, in addition to being intrinsically photosensitive, are strongly activated by rods and cones, and display a rare, S-Off, (L + M)-On type of colour-opponent receptive field.
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