Modulation of Mucosal Immune Response, Tolerance, and Proliferation in Mice Colonized by the Mucin-Degrader Akkermansia muciniphila
Muriel Derrien,Peter van Baarlen,Guido J. E. J. Hooiveld,Elisabeth Norin,Michael Müller,Willem M. de Vos,Willem M. de Vos +6 more
TLDR
It is proposed that A. muciniphila modulates pathways involved in establishing homeostasis for basal metabolism and immune tolerance toward commensal microbiota, and altered mucosal gene expression profiles toward increased expression of genes involved in immune responses and cell fate determination.Abstract:
Epithelial cells of the mammalian intestine are covered with a mucus layer that prevents direct contact with intestinal microbes but also constitutes a substrate for mucus-degrading bacteria. To study the effect of mucus degradation on the host response, germ-free mice were colonized with Akkermansia muciniphila. This anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Verrucomicrobia is specialized in the degradation of mucin, the glycoprotein present in mucus, and found in high numbers in the intestinal tract of human and other mammalian species. Efficient colonization of A. muciniphila was observed with highest numbers in the cecum, where most mucin is produced. In contrast, following colonization by Lactobacillus plantarum, a facultative anaerobe belonging to the Firmicutes that ferments carbohydrates, similar cell-numbers were found at all intestinal sites. Whereas A. muciniphila was located closely associated with the intestinal cells, L. plantarum was exclusively found in the lumen. The global transcriptional host response was determined in intestinal biopsies and revealed a consistent, site-specific, and unique modulation of about 750 genes in mice colonized by A. muciniphila and over 1500 genes after colonization by L. plantarum. Pathway reconstructions showed that colonization by A. muciniphila altered mucosal gene expression profiles toward increased expression of genes involved in immune responses and cell fate determination, while colonization by L. plantarum led to up-regulation of lipid metabolism. These indicate that the colonizers induce host responses that are specific per intestinal location. In conclusion, we propose that A. muciniphila modulates pathways involved in establishing homeostasis for basal metabolism and immune tolerance toward commensal microbiota.read more
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Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis
Sushrut Jangi,Roopali Gandhi,Laura M. Cox,Ning Li,Felipe von Glehn,Raymond Yan,Bonny Patel,Maria Antonietta Mazzola,Shirong Liu,B. Glanz,Sandra Cook,Stephanie Tankou,Fiona Stuart,Kirsy Melo,Parham Nejad,Kathleen Smith,Begüm D. Topçuolu,James F. Holden,Pia Kivisäkk,Tanuja Chitnis,Philip L. De Jager,Francisco J. Quintana,Georg K. Gerber,Lynn Bry,Howard L. Weiner +24 more
TL;DR: Microbiome alterations in MS include increases in Methanobrevibacter and Akkermansia and decreases in Butyricimonas and correlate with variations in the expression of genes involved in dendritic cell maturation, interferon signalling and NF-kB signalling pathways in circulating T cells and monocytes.
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The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy.
TL;DR: The identification of the elements of the gut-liver axis primarily damaged in each chronic liver disease offers possibilities to intervention.
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Next-generation beneficial microbes : The case of Akkermansia muciniphila
TL;DR: It is proposed that microbes and microbiomegnosy, or knowledge of the authors' gut microbiome, can become a novel source of future therapies as plants and its related knowledge have been the source for designing drugs over the last century.
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Akkermansia muciniphila and its role in regulating host functions.
TL;DR: The aims of this review are to summarize the existing data on the intestinal distribution of A. muciniphila, to provide insight into its ecology and its role in founding microbial networks at the mucosal interface, as well as to discuss recent research on itsrole in regulating host functions that are disturbed in various diseases.
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Microbes inside—from diversity to function: the case of Akkermansia
TL;DR: The integration of omics- and culture-based approaches with the complexity of the human intestinal microbiota in mind and the mucus-degrading bacteria Akkermansia spp.
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